tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35677177758784890332024-03-19T05:43:22.188+01:00DonauinselnAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09111693068959962977noreply@blogger.comBlogger123125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-17822155946550884262024-02-06T20:51:00.002+01:002024-02-06T20:51:56.936+01:00The Ancient Peninsula of Regensburg<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2024/02/regensburg-nyulvanya.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>It is a generally accepted view among local historians in Regensburg that the city's islands were formed from an extremely long and extremely narrow peninsula by the catastrophic flood of 1304. This serpentine stretch of land stretched from the mouth of the Naab to Regensburg, i.e. the estuary of the Naab ran parallel to the Danube for about six kilometres. There are, however, some aspects that may call into question the existence of this rare hydrological phenomenon.</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgcec8YNMR5XeNvK8i4sPRZz2vRvgU20VuVWpuZL5yoYW-0iKQo3wpn60lieFQXeYTZ7g4dIw4Pxt9IqAU947f0mgfZwMH2fTzXUEKDIHZFxsKcwL14MbypAAinCaTAUu84uCjcPqa1aBiXCrBPvBb1x73TtgsTWTyHQxpX0VxwLQ9xGS8Nk4vXAOnscU/s1638/Regensburg_fsz.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="949" data-original-width="1638" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgcec8YNMR5XeNvK8i4sPRZz2vRvgU20VuVWpuZL5yoYW-0iKQo3wpn60lieFQXeYTZ7g4dIw4Pxt9IqAU947f0mgfZwMH2fTzXUEKDIHZFxsKcwL14MbypAAinCaTAUu84uCjcPqa1aBiXCrBPvBb1x73TtgsTWTyHQxpX0VxwLQ9xGS8Nk4vXAOnscU/w640-h370/Regensburg_fsz.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">I first came across the above illustration on the inside cover of the publication "Regensburg zur Römerzeit", which depicted the hydrological situation shown in the above picture as a fact. According to a brief description of the landscape, the Naab did not flow into the Danube at Mariaort in Roman times, but ran parallel to the Danube for almost six kilometres, passing Kneiting, Winzer, Steinweg and Stadamhof, taking the Regen river on the left bank and flowing into the Danube somewhere at the lower tip of the present-day Unterer Wöhrd, east of Regensburg. In other words, when the second stone bridge was built on the Danube between 1135 and 1146, the famous Steinerne Brücke was still arching over this peninsula to the north bank. The huge peninsula was carved up into four separate islands (Mariaorter Wöhrd, Winzer Wöhrd, and in Regensburg the Lower and Upper Wöhrd) by the catastrophic flood of 23 May 1304. Local vernacular is calling the Danubian islands Wöhrd, which derives from the Middle German word 'werd', while in northern Germany the more familiar sounding form 'Werder' is used.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqeHDj0mnYxTAupYFEbaRe2bYMuOLire3akePh160KIpktnDdVZMemy9TrnAt76tAT1C_D-7o0EfIk7ukAbm2gyVvdxhoQ-11wXHocIazBTra3ShIMQUf6XockkbxCqf4MV5011ACKXbNjjeMw0iSJiSJ4zcoL7Hly78brtRyS86hIlRwd6fvl59diNElv/s1100/regensburg_m.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="1100" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqeHDj0mnYxTAupYFEbaRe2bYMuOLire3akePh160KIpktnDdVZMemy9TrnAt76tAT1C_D-7o0EfIk7ukAbm2gyVvdxhoQ-11wXHocIazBTra3ShIMQUf6XockkbxCqf4MV5011ACKXbNjjeMw0iSJiSJ4zcoL7Hly78brtRyS86hIlRwd6fvl59diNElv/w640-h408/regensburg_m.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The "Regensburg Peninsula" already appear in the work of Otto von Freising, who said that the Naab flowed into the Danube at Regensburg. The local chronicler Eberhard von Regensburg is consistent in his description of the events of 1304:</div><blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #444444;">„Anno Domini 1304. Cum aqua Danubii transiens per pontem Ratisponensem omnio versus litus apuilonare declinasset, et litora prope civitatem sicca et arida reliquisset, ceves Ratisponenses artificiose et mulits laboribus et expensis ipsam aquam, ut iterum prope civitatem flueret, ad loca pristina per strues lignorum et congeries lapidum reduxerunt.”</span></span></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Early medieval hydrographic conditions were already described by the local historians of Regensburg, Plato-Wild (1710-1777), Gemeiner (1726-1823) and Gumpelzhaimer (1766-1841), whose views were later confirmed by detailed research by Adolf Schmetzer. Karl Bauer, in his monumantal local history book (Regensburg - Kunst, Kultur und Alltagsgeschichte), adds to the above theory that at the time of the construction of the Roman legionary camp Castra Regina (A.D. 180), a change in the riverbed probably caused the Unterer Wöhrd to form a separate island. At Bauer, the date of the flood disaster was two days later, 25 May 1304. On that date, the Danube between Winzer and Pfaffenstein broke through the Regensburg Peninsula and the main riverbed was moved into the old bed of the Naab between the present-day Oberer Wöhrd and Stadtamhof. According to some local oral traditions, the northern branch of the Danube was still called the Naab around 1915.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd91KI4e3Xe-fKNQ-wOijw1e0EYYMMVq3Vejz-dJSQTsrCSI4XW4hg-OGBlHrkydED_pMDDketzjDY4-o8-GK_FRmvT_frZcHIEabTkhm6631HRMt_aFkVoBLjGdD8TmzuvNY4wOzmxdPZnwnukZvaiC8kwwFcEauxVeaNFb9oR2gCETlGcIn8CBXDzpdS/s1613/regensburg1829.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1613" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd91KI4e3Xe-fKNQ-wOijw1e0EYYMMVq3Vejz-dJSQTsrCSI4XW4hg-OGBlHrkydED_pMDDketzjDY4-o8-GK_FRmvT_frZcHIEabTkhm6631HRMt_aFkVoBLjGdD8TmzuvNY4wOzmxdPZnwnukZvaiC8kwwFcEauxVeaNFb9oR2gCETlGcIn8CBXDzpdS/w640-h350/regensburg1829.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The section of the Danube between the Naab and the Regen in 1829 (<a href="https://www.ldbv.bayern.de/file/pdf/8678/PlanVonRegensburg%201829.pdf.pdf" target="_blank">source</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The result was that the free imperial city of Regensburg lost its Danube port, its customs revenue, its mills ran dry, all of which threatened the city's economical power. As the city was in frequent dispute with the town of Stadt am Hof, on the other side of the old Naab, under the jurisdiction of the Bavarian prince-elector, the locals had to act very quickly. It is not clear whether in the same year or in the summer of 1305, during a very dry period when it was possible to cross the shallow Danube, a water control structure called Wöhrloch was built at the top of the Oberer Wöhrd, which was intended to both return most of the Danube's discharge to its original course and leave some (border) water between the Regensburg-owned Oberer Wöhrd and the neighbouring Stadamhof. The Wöhrloch, consisting of a combination lock and weir, was, like the stone bridge, a marvel of engineering on such a grand and rapid scale. However, for centuries it was the source of strife between the city of Regensburg and the Bavarian prince-elector, who wanted to widen the basin to allow larger ships to enter Stadtamhof, boosting trade. Disputes over water management sometimes led to the Wöhrloch being destroyed by the military.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrqkry1UhNoYH98ELsNmL0ZrQddXrasiFbN2LLXjcdV3lH3ZA5MKy21eBgP18BaAGy557_GIbuXIYHW7OkBCRb021MWSg-werq1WmqGbs8ENlKIrKSCZJX1n1mylL8RruuMGEw6CseJwKHmZiYseOg5mXh4D1EL-WtRySgLltpo8zqCNhOEnXcetl52OPC/s681/wehrlock.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="681" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrqkry1UhNoYH98ELsNmL0ZrQddXrasiFbN2LLXjcdV3lH3ZA5MKy21eBgP18BaAGy557_GIbuXIYHW7OkBCRb021MWSg-werq1WmqGbs8ENlKIrKSCZJX1n1mylL8RruuMGEw6CseJwKHmZiYseOg5mXh4D1EL-WtRySgLltpo8zqCNhOEnXcetl52OPC/w640-h432/wehrlock.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Wöhrloch in 1638 (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334060207_Urban_stream_works_in_Central_Europe_1200-1700_municipal_administration_hydraulic_engineering_and_flood_reconstruction" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In addition to the historical plot, which is worthy of Ken Follett's 'Pillars of the Earth', the question arises: can such an unstable formation be created hydrologically on a river with such a variable flow over such a long period of time? Although the historical sources are clearly "pro-peninsula", there are some hydrological factors that may call into question its existence and its persistence over many centuries.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><ul><li>The Danube reaches its most northerly point at Regensburg, where it makes an almost right-angled bend at Winzer, changing from a northeasterly to a southeasterly course. There is also a bend with similar parameters just above the mouth of the Naab, both of which have in common that they head towards a steep hillside. The development of the bend in the river has therefore washed the left bank year after year, and has thinned the peninsula most in the vicinity of Winzer, which is consistent with what historians say about the site of the 1304 breach. </li><li>The parameters of the peninsula also suggest that it was not very stable: it was 6 km long from the mouth of the Naab to Regensburg and probably 100 m wide at most. If we take the distance between the Roman castellum of Großprüfening and the hillside above Mariaort, the peninsula was located in a river floodplain cross-section of up to 600 metres in width. In such a section, major floods have had the opportunity to breach the floodplain several times over a period of 1200 years.</li><li>The only permanent watercourse between the Naab and the Regen is on the left bank, the Brückelgraben. This is a relatively short stream with a low discharge, but it probably built up a cone of sediment in the Danube (or earlier in the Naab bed) from the alluvium carried by the hillside area during major rainfalls, forcing the river of the northern branch southwards, which may ultimately have caused the gradual thinning of the land mass. </li></ul></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Based on the sources, it seems more likely that the Danube's longest peninsula did exist, but reconstructing exactly how long and how its gradual thinning took place would deserve further research.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p>Sources and literature:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="text-align: center;">Christian Heinrich Kleinstäuber: <a href="https://www.heimatforschung-regensburg.de/1020/1/969607_DTL1356.pdf" target="_blank">Geschichte und Beschreibung der altberühmten Steinernen Brücke zu Regensburg</a>. 1878.</span></li><li>Iris Nießen, Doris Wollenberg: <a href="https://www.peristyle.ch/sites/default/files/uploads/13-Katastrophen-Basel-Beitrag-Niessen-Wollenberg.pdf" target="_blank">Aus Fluss wird Stadt – Die Stadtentwicklung im Osten von Regensburg im Fokus von Hochwassern und Landgewinnung</a>. 2019.</li><li>Oliver Wetter: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334060207_Urban_stream_works_in_Central_Europe_1200-1700_municipal_administration_hydraulic_engineering_and_flood_reconstruction" target="_blank">Urban stream works in Central Europe 1200–1700: municipal administration, hydraulic engineering and flood reconstruction.</a> 2019.</li><li>Karl Bauer: <span style="text-align: justify;"><b>Regensburg</b> - Kunst, Kultur und Alltagsgeschichte. Buchverlag 2014. 6. kiadás</span></li><li><span style="text-align: justify;">Karlheinz Dietz, Thomas Fischer: <b>Regensburg zur Römerzeit</b>. Friedrich Pustet Verlag 2018.</span></li></ul><p></p>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-41968488649046665302024-01-05T17:30:00.005+01:002024-01-05T17:40:20.958+01:00L'ouverture du Rollerdamm<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2024/01/rollerdamm.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></b></p><p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/2024/01/opening-rollerdamm.html" target="_blank">IN ENGLISH</a></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Le 30 mai 1875, en présence de Sa Majesté François-Joseph Ier, empereur d'Autriche et roi de Hongrie, le Danube fut inauguré à Vienne lors d'une cérémonie dans son nouveau lit rectiligne et canalisé. Le 15 avril, un mois et demi avant la cérémonie d'inauguration, la digue de protection en terre (Rollerdamm) fut ouverte et le Danube entra dans son nouveau lit canalisé juste au-dessous du pont des chemins de fer du Nord-Ouest (Nordwestbahnbrücke). Trois jours plus tard, le premier bateau à vapeur franchissait déjà le nouveau tronçon. L'histoire de la Rollerdamm est reconstituée ci-dessous sur la base des écrits du livre Wasser | Stadt | Wien.</b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPkrLizv-ZXgbY0xyA7uQFsRTaixwNr2a92pyUy1nV7oZZEYvuDMvn135FlV3PMfJU9cxGj-EOfInrhb1CpI204bgB9-OPDQ7mTxp13FuGLW5DoEdFCpZ70Z1oLkA5OGXGnQGfr3YH2ZotR739aX_zv54UvPk71Sq2wFyYTpg4flNuQj1c7I3YNN95fCi/s1900/rollerdamm.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="909" data-original-width="1900" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPkrLizv-ZXgbY0xyA7uQFsRTaixwNr2a92pyUy1nV7oZZEYvuDMvn135FlV3PMfJU9cxGj-EOfInrhb1CpI204bgB9-OPDQ7mTxp13FuGLW5DoEdFCpZ70Z1oLkA5OGXGnQGfr3YH2ZotR739aX_zv54UvPk71Sq2wFyYTpg4flNuQj1c7I3YNN95fCi/w640-h306/rollerdamm.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">La digue de protection en terre (Rollerdamm) à Vienne le 10 avril. 1875. (<a href="https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/en/object/96474-oberes-durchstich-bassin-mit-dem-roller-damm-und-der-nordwestbahnbruecke-10-april-1875/" target="_blank">Image originale</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>À Vienne, le Danube était déjà un fleuve relativement régulé avant le début des grands travaux de régulation en 1870, malgré les méandres naturels qui subsistaient. La quasi-totalité des berges du lit principal avait été stabilisée en 1869 sur la base d'une planification locale ou centrale. Cependant, le lit principal, stabilisé par des épis, des blocs de pierre et des pieux, était encore trop large, créant un potentiel pour la formation de nouveaux bancs de graviers, comme dans le Gänsehaufen près du port de Kaisermühlen. À cette époque, les travaux de régularisation étaient encore principalement destinés à la navigation, la protection contre les inondations n'étant qu'une préoccupation secondaire. Lorsqu'en 1862, une embâcle inonda les faubourgs de Vienne, le gouvernement monarchique créa une commission de régulation du Danube, qui ne put commencer ses travaux qu'après la guerre perdue avec la Prusse en 1867. Les membres de la commission (ingénieurs, administrateurs et experts en navigation, chemins de fer) se partagèrent rapidement autour de deux positions très divergentes. Le groupe de Pasetti était en faveur d'un redressement du lit principal existant, tandis que l'autre groupe plaidait pour un nouveau lit unique et canalisé. La question est restée longtemps dans l'impasse et a finalement été tranchée par le retrait de Pasetti au profit des partisans de la version canalisée. Ce plan était principalement soutenu par les défenseurs du commerce et des transports.</div><div><br /></div><div>L'entreprise française "Castor, Couvreux et Hersent", qui avait déjà fait ses preuves sur le canal de Suez, s'est vu attribuer le contrat. Le tracé du nouveau canal en courbe, établi en 1868, comportait trois points fixes : l'affleurement près de Nußdorf, le pilier récemment érigé de l'Ostbahnbrücke près de Stadlau et la section de la digue déjà achevée au niveau de la Lobau. Ce plan nécessitait deux grandes coupes sous et au-dessus de l'Ostbahnbrücke. L'entaille supérieure avait une longueur de 6 640 m, l'entaille inférieure une longueur de 2 550 m, et une zone d'inondation stérile de 475 m de large (Inundationsgebiet) devait être créée sur la rive gauche pour évacuer l'excédent d'eau des crues.</div></div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcVSjTBi8UT9oBzuaMswiX22gTJH9m0AFh7JJldCrZQ3YZvo183PsK7ha5mTnLuR8Axs2LPBMIvqWXTPiRu88U6MiOgP_01Qt967QRBb7wgdHDSR0rUDixKhSB-wlkAGS4wpyJopUz-99llARalqBtDu-_dvvDSuEoMAmBsLZGPhA8Tfdc9iC4QIlrRWj/s970/rollerdamm_karte.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="970" height="542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcVSjTBi8UT9oBzuaMswiX22gTJH9m0AFh7JJldCrZQ3YZvo183PsK7ha5mTnLuR8Axs2LPBMIvqWXTPiRu88U6MiOgP_01Qt967QRBb7wgdHDSR0rUDixKhSB-wlkAGS4wpyJopUz-99llARalqBtDu-_dvvDSuEoMAmBsLZGPhA8Tfdc9iC4QIlrRWj/w640-h542/rollerdamm_karte.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">La position du Rollerdamm (<a href="https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/en/object/426668-plan-der-donau-regulirung-und-des-neuen-stadttheiles-donaustadt/" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">La section inférieure du nouveau Danube près de Freudenau à Weidenhaufen a été réalisée par la construction d'un fossé de 114 à 170 mètres de large, qui a ensuite été élargi par le Danube, emportant la plupart des sédiments vers le Marchfeld. La partie supérieure avait été entièrement excavée, mais lorsque le nouveau lit de la rivière fut dragué près de Nußdorf, les ouvriers eurent une mauvaise surprise : le lit de la rivière était jonché des restes de travaux d'ingénierie fluviale des siècles précédents. Pendant des années, les dragues à vapeur se sont efforcées de les dégager, mais les machines utilisées à l'époque étaient trop faibles pour enlever ces défenses massives. Au total, des milliers de pieux en bois datant de plusieurs siècles et 18 kilomètres et demi de structures en bois diverses furent retirés.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pour la construction du canal, les dragues à vapeur et les transporteurs ont été utilisés pour la première fois à grande échelle et ont dû déplacer une quantité incroyable de sédiments pour l'époque. La plupart des 16,4 millions de mètres cubes de sédiments, de gravier et de sable excavés ont été utilisés pour remplir les zones suburbaines de Brigittenau et de Leopoldstadt, contribuant ainsi grandement à l'augmentation de la zone urbaine de Vienne. Le nouveau lit du Danube à Vienne comprenait la construction de digues de protection contre les inondations des deux côtés, l'approfondissement du canal du Danube et la construction de cinq nouveaux ponts sur le Danube.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lors du dragage du nouveau lit, une étroite digue de terre appelée "Rollerdamm" a été laissée dans la partie la plus septentrionale du lit, maintenant jusqu'au dernier moment la direction de l'écoulement vers l'Alte Donau. À l'origine, cette digue n'était pas perpendiculaire au nouveau lit de la rivière, mais suivait la ligne d'écoulement de l'Alte Donau depuis la rive gauche des ponts actuels de Florisdorf jusqu'au Handelskai sur la droite. Il était également surmonté d'un chemin de fer industriel, dont l'un des terminaux se trouvait sur l'actuelle Friedrich-Engels-Platz. Le 15 avril 1875, un mois et demi avant la cérémonie d'ouverture officielle, le Rollerdamm a été ouvert sous la direction du géologue Eduard Suess, la petite brèche étant rapidement élargie par le Danube jusqu'à ce que le barrage soit complètement emporté sur la largeur du nouveau lit du fleuve.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Dans un premier temps, le Danube s'est montré réticent à occuper le nouveau lit. Après le retrait des crues de printemps, la fermeture technique de l'Alte Donau a commencé, mais dans le lit rétréci, le fleuve exerçait encore une force considérable, déplaçant les bateaux chargés de pierres enfoncés dans le lit, détruisant la digue en cours de construction et creusant de profondes fosses dans les sédiments meubles. Finalement, des structures en bois remplies de blocs rocheux ont été reliées entre elles par des câbles et mises en place sur des voies ferrées, fermant définitivement l'ancien lit de la rivière. Peu de temps après, en février 1876, le premier "test de résistance" du nouveau système d'approvisionnement en eau de Vienne a été effectué. Dans le tronçon du Danube encore non régulé de Vienne, sous le pont Ostbahnbrücke à Stadlau, la glace s'entassa et l'eau en crue, repoussée par le barrage de glace, trouva son exutoire dans le bras mort de l'Alte Donau. La digue inférieure et la digue supérieure se rompirent et les trente-trois bateaux de la compagnie "Castor, Couvreux et Hersent" furent emportés hors de l'ancien bras et mis à terre, endommagés, dans une prairie fluviale près de Fischamend. Le 25 février 1876, le London Times a également fit état de la prétendue défaillance totale des ouvrages de régulation à Vienne et publia une fausse nouvelle selon laquelle le nouveau cimetière central de Vienne était tellement inondé que les cadavres avaient été emportés hors de leurs tombes.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFB69gRcOAMcsjMx9EknvW-YTG9NShbNUeEhIhE3cZfISPcgZnSHRAoWfs8Fi_YgJq6gfz-vHDO4yGTJRYMS4XvmX81GkFwaY7JrQuCYpqMTi59zURgD4wEnKbyU86U6tnooG16qmYKIaw1WTu6BTnl_AE7w5IxjLedtT7_cssihM9x5cA07O7gNSFHXE/s1400/1875er%C3%B6ffnung.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1400" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFB69gRcOAMcsjMx9EknvW-YTG9NShbNUeEhIhE3cZfISPcgZnSHRAoWfs8Fi_YgJq6gfz-vHDO4yGTJRYMS4XvmX81GkFwaY7JrQuCYpqMTi59zURgD4wEnKbyU86U6tnooG16qmYKIaw1WTu6BTnl_AE7w5IxjLedtT7_cssihM9x5cA07O7gNSFHXE/w640-h400/1875er%C3%B6ffnung.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">L'ouverture du Rollerdamm le 15 avril 1875. <br />Au-delà se trouve le pont du chemin de fer du Nord-Ouest, construit en 1872. (<a href="https://www.abebooks.com/Er%C3%B6ffnung-neuen-Donaubettes-Wien-Ansicht-Durchbruch/15896366704/bd#&gid=1&pid=1" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Après la fermeture du Vieux Danube (Alte Donau), de vastes étendues de champs de graviers furent laissées à sec. La zone a rapidement été envahie par les baigneurs viennois. En leur faveur, les autorités ont dragué le bras mort pour améliorer la qualité de l'eau, ce qui a finalement permis à cette zone humide urbaine de survivre. En raison de la régulation du Danube à Vienne, le niveau de la nappe phréatique s'est abaissé de 1,3 mètre en moyenne, de sorte que la valeur immobilière de la plaine inondable du Danube a fortement augmenté parallèlement à celle des décharges. La disparition des méandres naturels, la formation d'îles et de bancs de graviers et l'arrêt de leur migration ont finalement conduit à l'urbanisation rapide des berges et, parallèlement, à la dégradation et à la disparition rapides des habitats naturels.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Traduit par deepl.com et Eric Baude (<a href="http://www.danube-culture.org/">http://www.danube-culture.org/</a>).</div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-33573521730432054772024-01-05T15:50:00.002+01:002024-01-05T17:35:13.173+01:00Opening the Rollerdamm<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2024/01/rollerdamm.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></b></p><p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/2024/01/louverture-du-rollerdamm.html" target="_blank">EN FRANÇAIS</a></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>On 30 May 1875, in the presence of His Majesty Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, the Danube in Vienna was inaugurated with a ceremony in its new, straight, canalised riverbed. </b><b>On 15 April, a</b><b> month and a half before the inauguration ceremony, they opened the Rollerdamm and the Danube entered into its new channel just under the Nordwestbahnbrücke. Three days later, the first steamship was already crossing the new stretch. The below history of the Rollerdamm is reconstructed on the basis of the writings of the book Wasser | Stadt | Wien.</b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPkrLizv-ZXgbY0xyA7uQFsRTaixwNr2a92pyUy1nV7oZZEYvuDMvn135FlV3PMfJU9cxGj-EOfInrhb1CpI204bgB9-OPDQ7mTxp13FuGLW5DoEdFCpZ70Z1oLkA5OGXGnQGfr3YH2ZotR739aX_zv54UvPk71Sq2wFyYTpg4flNuQj1c7I3YNN95fCi/s1900/rollerdamm.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="909" data-original-width="1900" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPkrLizv-ZXgbY0xyA7uQFsRTaixwNr2a92pyUy1nV7oZZEYvuDMvn135FlV3PMfJU9cxGj-EOfInrhb1CpI204bgB9-OPDQ7mTxp13FuGLW5DoEdFCpZ70Z1oLkA5OGXGnQGfr3YH2ZotR739aX_zv54UvPk71Sq2wFyYTpg4flNuQj1c7I3YNN95fCi/w640-h306/rollerdamm.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Rollerdamm in Vienna on April 10. 1875. (<a href="https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/en/object/96474-oberes-durchstich-bassin-mit-dem-roller-damm-und-der-nordwestbahnbruecke-10-april-1875/" target="_blank">Original image</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In Vienna, the Danube was already a relatively regulated river before the start of the Great Regulation Works in 1870, despite its remaining natural meanders. Almost the entire banks of the main riverbed had been stabilised by 1869 on the basis of some local or central plannning. However, the main bed, stabilised with groynes, stone boulders and piles, was still too wide, creating the potential for further gravel bar formation, such as in the Gänsehaufen near the port of Kaisermühlen. At that time, regulation works were still primarily for the benefit of navigation, flood protection being only a secondary concern. When an icy flood in 1862 inundated the lower suburbs of Vienna, the Monarchy's government set up a Danube regulation commission, which could only begin its work after the lost war with Prussia in 1867. Members of the committee (engineers, administrators and shipping, railways experts) soon began to group around two widely divergent positions. The Pasetti group was in favour of a straightening of the existing main riverbed, while the other group argued for a new, single, channelised riverbed. There was a long stalemate on the issue, which was finally settled by Pasetti's withdrawal in favour of the supporters of the chanellized version. This plan was mainly supported by trade and transport advocates.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The French company "Castor, Couvreux et Hersent", which has already proved its worth in the Suez Canal, was awarded the contract. The route of the new, curved canal, which was laid out in 1868, had three fixed points: the outcropping near Nußdorf, the recently erected pillar of the Ostbahnbrücke near Stadlau and the section of the already completed dyke at Lobau. This plan required two major cuts under and above the Ostbahnbrücke. The upper cut was 6640 m long, the lower one 2550 m long, and a barren 475 m wide inundation area (Inundationsgebiet) was planned to be created on the left bank to drain off the excess flood water.</div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcVSjTBi8UT9oBzuaMswiX22gTJH9m0AFh7JJldCrZQ3YZvo183PsK7ha5mTnLuR8Axs2LPBMIvqWXTPiRu88U6MiOgP_01Qt967QRBb7wgdHDSR0rUDixKhSB-wlkAGS4wpyJopUz-99llARalqBtDu-_dvvDSuEoMAmBsLZGPhA8Tfdc9iC4QIlrRWj/s970/rollerdamm_karte.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="970" height="542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcVSjTBi8UT9oBzuaMswiX22gTJH9m0AFh7JJldCrZQ3YZvo183PsK7ha5mTnLuR8Axs2LPBMIvqWXTPiRu88U6MiOgP_01Qt967QRBb7wgdHDSR0rUDixKhSB-wlkAGS4wpyJopUz-99llARalqBtDu-_dvvDSuEoMAmBsLZGPhA8Tfdc9iC4QIlrRWj/w640-h542/rollerdamm_karte.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The position of the Rollerdamm (<a href="https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/en/object/426668-plan-der-donau-regulirung-und-des-neuen-stadttheiles-donaustadt/" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">The lower section of the new Danube near Freudenau at Weidenhaufen was done by the construction of a 114-170 metre wide ditch, which was then widened further by the Danube, washing out most of the sediment towards the Marchfeld. The upper section had been fully excavated, but when the new riverbed was dredged near Nußdorf, the workers were in for a nasty surprise: the riverbed was littered with the remains of river engineering works from previous centuries. For years, steam dredgers had struggled to dredge them out, but the machines used at the time were too weak to remove the massive defences. In all, thousands of wooden piles from different centuries and 18 and a half kilometres of various wooden structures were dredged out.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To build the canal, the steam dredgers and transporters were used for the first time on a mass scale had to move an incredible amount of sediment for the time. Most of the 16.4 million cubic metres of sediments, gravel and sand excavated were used to fill the suburban areas of Brigittenau and Leopoldstadt, contributing greatly to the increase in the urban area of Vienna. The new Danube riverbed in Vienna included the construction of flood protection embankments on both sides, the deepening of the Danube canal and the construction of five new bridges over the Danube.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">During the dredging of the new riverbed, a narrow earth dike called the "Rollerdamm" was left in the northernmost part of the riverbed, maintaining the flow direction towards the Alte Donau until the very last moment. It was not originally perpendicular to the new riverbed, but followed the flow line of the Alte Donau from the left bank of the present-day Florisdorf bridges to the Handelskai on the right. It also had an industrial railway on top, one of its terminal was at today's Friedrich-Engels-Platz. On 15 April 1875, one and a half months before the official opening ceremony, the Rollerdamm was opened under the direction of geologist Eduard Suess, the small gap being rapidly widened by the Danube until the dam was completely washed away along the width of the new riverbed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">At first, the Danube was reluctant to occupy the new riverbed. After the spring floods receded, the technical closure of the Alte Donau began, but in the narrowing bed the river still exerted considerable force, displacing stone-laden boats sunk into the bed, destroying the embankment under construction and carving deep pits in the loose sediment. Finally, wooden structures filled with boulders were wired together and lowered into place on railway tracks, permanently closing the old riverbed. Relatively soon afterwards, in February 1876, the first "stress test" of the new Vienna water system was carried out. In the still unregulated Danube section of Vienna, under the Ostbahnbrücke in Stadlau, the ice was piled up and the raising water, pushed back by the ice dam, found its outlet in the Alte Donau oxbow. Both the lower and upper embankment broke and the thirty-three ships of the company "Castor, Couvreux et Hersent" were washed out of the old branch and put ashore, damaging them, in a riverine meadow near Fischamend. On 25 February 1876, the London Times also reported on the alleged total failure of the regulation works in Vienna, and published the fake news that the new central cemetery in Vienna was so flooded that dead bodies had been washed from their graves. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFB69gRcOAMcsjMx9EknvW-YTG9NShbNUeEhIhE3cZfISPcgZnSHRAoWfs8Fi_YgJq6gfz-vHDO4yGTJRYMS4XvmX81GkFwaY7JrQuCYpqMTi59zURgD4wEnKbyU86U6tnooG16qmYKIaw1WTu6BTnl_AE7w5IxjLedtT7_cssihM9x5cA07O7gNSFHXE/s1400/1875er%C3%B6ffnung.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1400" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFB69gRcOAMcsjMx9EknvW-YTG9NShbNUeEhIhE3cZfISPcgZnSHRAoWfs8Fi_YgJq6gfz-vHDO4yGTJRYMS4XvmX81GkFwaY7JrQuCYpqMTi59zURgD4wEnKbyU86U6tnooG16qmYKIaw1WTu6BTnl_AE7w5IxjLedtT7_cssihM9x5cA07O7gNSFHXE/w640-h400/1875er%C3%B6ffnung.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The opening of the Rollerdamm on 15 April 1875.<br />Beyond is the Nordwestbahnbrücke, constructed in 1872. (<a href="https://www.abebooks.com/Er%C3%B6ffnung-neuen-Donaubettes-Wien-Ansicht-Durchbruch/15896366704/bd#&gid=1&pid=1" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">After closing the Alte Donau, large stretches of gravel fields were left dry. The area was soon swarmed by bathers from Vienna. In their favor authorities dredged the oxbow to improve water quality, which ultimately led to the survival of this urban wetland. As a result of the Danube regulation in Vienna, the groundwater level has sunk by an average of 1.3 metres, so that the real estate value of the Danube floodplain has increased greatly in parallel with the landfills. The loss of natural meander development, the formation of islands and gravel bars and the cessation of their migration ultimately led to the rapid urban development of river banks and, in parallel, to the rapid degradation and disappearance of natural habitats.</div></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-53302931007069391912023-12-19T12:01:00.006+01:002023-12-19T13:26:47.322+01:00 Ada Kaleh buried by Danubian sediments<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2023/12/ada-kaleh-hullamsirban.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b>It's been more than fifty years since the island of Ada Kaleh, with its adventurous past, monuments and fort, was buried under the Danube after the construction of the Iron Gate I hydroelectrical power plant. Since then, it has been lost to sight, sleeping in its eternal slumber at a depth of about 30 metres. But a recently discovered sonar image gives us a rough idea of the decades the island has spent in the depths, and also reveals that, contrary to legend, the tower of the Turkish minaret will no longer emerge, even if the reservoir level drops.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid7XM_o0fKKpIex8KSlshvsQc9yeKh9nDD0A98LrVWAKRl9xAad15ZbElBfSn16nzaIx4Lx059DWh7Q2NxuC6yIjFe-lkcxPrBiTwGqwiOmAuWsceej6TlMDZBIXdMsr-GkBhWIBLRMv4foDTBFnosA1zW7MP9O4JvJrd22AYm9H3OmJvaABYMHoPR1Iaw/s1132/adakalehsonar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="772" data-original-width="1132" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid7XM_o0fKKpIex8KSlshvsQc9yeKh9nDD0A98LrVWAKRl9xAad15ZbElBfSn16nzaIx4Lx059DWh7Q2NxuC6yIjFe-lkcxPrBiTwGqwiOmAuWsceej6TlMDZBIXdMsr-GkBhWIBLRMv4foDTBFnosA1zW7MP9O4JvJrd22AYm9H3OmJvaABYMHoPR1Iaw/w640-h436/adakalehsonar.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ada Kaleh in a watery grave (<a href="https://www.plovput.gov.rs/file/ada_kale.rar" target="_blank">source</a>) </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the first days of December, Ada Kaleh's underwater sonar image was posted on several Facebook groups. However, the post, which included a source tag and information on the image, was later deleted, but by then the image had been downloaded. The image was also published in the Romanian media on 13 December, but <a href="https://www.aktual24.ro/cum-arata-pe-fundul-dunarii-cetatea-scufundata-ada-kaleh-imagine-realizata-cu-o-ecosonda-multifascicul/">aktual24.ro</a> only reported the story of the island and the imaging process in a paragraph. According to this article, the image was taken with a multibeam echosounder (MBES) at an unknown time. The MBES is based on a sonar mounted on a floating structure, which emits sound waves in the direction of the seabed in the shape of a fan and calculates the distance from the reflection time. The sound waves from Ada Kaleh's deep-hidden ramparts and buildings return sooner because they are closer to the surface than the deeper forms of the Danube bed. The distance data are represented by a colour scale, where blue represents deep and red shallow. Unfortunately, the image does not provide any specific data in the form of a legend.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The sonar image shows only the western part of Ada Kaleh, lying like a wreck in the Danube. The sparsely built-up garden area to the east has been left out, probably because the survey was limited to a small area. It is worth comparing with the sketch of the island as a whole. The two-street settlement itself was located within the inner ramparts. In addition, there was an outer wall system, but the western tip of the island was also fortified with bastions with eaves in the mid-18th century. The Turkish settlement also included a mosque with a slender minaret expanding from it, which stood roughly in the middle of the island, above the eastern gate. If it is true that the fortress was demolished by the Romanian state before the flooding to build a replica of the bastions from the bricks on Simian Island, relatively minimal work was done, as the fortress walls are still sharply defined in the sonar image. Although the sketch does not show the topography, contemporary photographs or postcards show that the moat system between the outer and inner ramparts was standing water, while a small forested island grew in the southern inner curve of Ada Kaleh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8UgXA0Vmmimopt9IE6ST3g_g9tBrW-4jGRF9zNcUGmothfS703rQ1Vd5TXCgglLp4n3HPQ5qTN195KEzX2t9HE24hMqEzQm9V6l_5IOqOotZPQVV1viW5a3QIJ1j3SIS94PCYME5L78Uxoa_WYT7BVMK12OEt7q5vJsYfcR8RPdHsXFj3sgyrHx9i22Rt/s1908/adakalehmap.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1134" data-original-width="1908" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8UgXA0Vmmimopt9IE6ST3g_g9tBrW-4jGRF9zNcUGmothfS703rQ1Vd5TXCgglLp4n3HPQ5qTN195KEzX2t9HE24hMqEzQm9V6l_5IOqOotZPQVV1viW5a3QIJ1j3SIS94PCYME5L78Uxoa_WYT7BVMK12OEt7q5vJsYfcR8RPdHsXFj3sgyrHx9i22Rt/w640-h380/adakalehmap.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A sketch of the island before the flooding</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">From a hydrological point of view, the sonar image can be described as extraordinary. It contains extremely important information about the sedimentation processes that took place after the flooding. So far, the blog has published two large-scale articles on the sedimentation of the Iron Gates, one on the three towers of <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2020/05/trikule-pusztulasa-es-felborult-dunai.html" target="_blank">Trikule</a> and the other on the <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/08/ketszer-eltemetett-kapolna.html" target="_blank">Crown Chapel</a> near Orsova, which illustrated the process of filling in the section of the river that was backwatered by the Iron Gate I power plant. The same can be done for the island of Ada Kaleh, where the sonar image gives a very detailed picture of the altered flow conditions and the associated sediment movements.</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3o9bnf7rWC2-8eYWHdP5fx0X2x5KuEH9Kw2NajVmxXws-cFgZKhlpD5k5bGZW2ukBzapox_VoVWVl5heoOa3m7CgsnQ7DIEe9GJzWQAnkNFiMD_dh0VL7djpcEMBs4tolkjhNopKKEX3P73HXahZGJHaSKBn407tq7-36Zll7U41UZ2BvEWVOy0cXwNJF/s960/adakalehlast.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="960" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3o9bnf7rWC2-8eYWHdP5fx0X2x5KuEH9Kw2NajVmxXws-cFgZKhlpD5k5bGZW2ukBzapox_VoVWVl5heoOa3m7CgsnQ7DIEe9GJzWQAnkNFiMD_dh0VL7djpcEMBs4tolkjhNopKKEX3P73HXahZGJHaSKBn407tq7-36Zll7U41UZ2BvEWVOy0cXwNJF/w640-h378/adakalehlast.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Farewell. Soon the ramparts will be swallowed by the Danube reservoir.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Let's take a look at the sonar image, especially the longitudinal positive shape extending to the right of the fortress. At first glance it looks like a long dune in the desert. Several similar forms can be observed within the fort area and in the western foreground. All of them take the same direction and are characterised by being 'lee shaded', i.e. they are formed behind a large projecting wall section or bastion. They do not follow the course of the Danube branches that surrounded the island of Ada Kaleh from two directions, but appear to run straight through the longitudinal axis of the island. It is also revealing that, apart from the ramparts and one or two houses, the settlement's street network is not visible. One reason for this is that the Romanian state has done a thorough job of <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2015/02/ada-kaleh-halaltusaja.html" target="_blank">systematically destroying the houses</a> of the Turks, extracting as much building material as possible. Another is the aforementioned filling of the reservoir.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Once the island was submerged, the flow conditions changed fundamentally. The drift lines that had been bypassing the island in two directions merged just above the island, as evidenced by the direction of the sediment plumes. As Ada Kaleh remains in the centre line of the estuary, unaffected by the construction of the streamside alluvial cone, the sediment deposited in the fort moves in the direction of the Iron Gates dam in the centre line of the estuary. Where the water flow encounters an obstacle, such as along the line of the ramparts, it first deepens the bed by breaking through the obstacle and deposits the sediment washed out in quieter areas such as the western foreshore, the interior of the fort, or even the eastern extension of the island. The sonar image shows that the most significant erosion is at the base of the wall of the fort in the south-west corner of the island. This outcrop probably formed a significant depression in the riverbed before the flooding.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>This suggests that the sediment conditions of the former island are not primarily determined by the sediment that is being deposited from the filling reservoir, but by the sediment that is being washed locally due to the changed flow conditions in the bed, and to a lesser extent by the trapping of transported sediment from further away. </b>And it is the demonstration of this that gives the sonar image its importance, and we can only hope that measurements will be taken at regular intervals so that the data can be compared and possible trends in sediment accumulation and leaching can be identified, preferably for the whole island.</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-10771768142590206432023-10-26T11:03:00.005+02:002023-10-26T11:03:39.330+02:00Three Sentences on Haynau<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2023/10/harom-mondat-haynau-rol.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>True, it has nothing to do with <i>that</i> Haynau, born in Kassel, Germany, but there was an island of that name on the Austrian section of the Danube, namely west of the castle of Wallsee, roughly opposite Mitterau/Ledererhaufen, which was nominated in the <a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/2023/10/danubian-island-of-year-2023.html" target="_blank">2023 Danube Island of the Year</a> vote.</b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbV_6KW93BUMmbiVPC1r3Ey0lE7CgDL0bh7jAguRxEwAnRrGFCwf0D_YKOQNwmLbZY68bIXDl_cEOX_0fLIDz1V5CZ7pVbf95lSBey1-kaHXb4whWMw_zcCcjC9p887DfxdZdChrT-4oG6Th4HKSrTiCJvxixhUcmtLDiTvuDXntv8YU-ofzjdVweiLwxB/s872/haynau.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="872" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbV_6KW93BUMmbiVPC1r3Ey0lE7CgDL0bh7jAguRxEwAnRrGFCwf0D_YKOQNwmLbZY68bIXDl_cEOX_0fLIDz1V5CZ7pVbf95lSBey1-kaHXb4whWMw_zcCcjC9p887DfxdZdChrT-4oG6Th4HKSrTiCJvxixhUcmtLDiTvuDXntv8YU-ofzjdVweiLwxB/w640-h388/haynau.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Haynau on the Danube (mapire.eu)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;">Now that the 150 years have passed and it is safe to write about this island, which originally belonged to Upper Austria, it is worth mentioning first that Haynau (also known as Hain Au, or, in English, a Danubian sandbank with groves) is, like many of its Austrian Au counterparts, a young landform, because, like the Gemenc region in Hungary, islands and reefs on this originally braided stretch of river were very often born, disappeared or transformed.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Haynau was formerly part of a larger river bend, Grünau, in the south, and only later became an 'independent' island, sometime in the 1870s, as it first appears on the sections of the 3rd military survey, while its present form as a tied peninsula is due to the Wallsee-Mitterkirchen hydroelectric power station, built between 1965 and 1968, which eventually connected it to the Lower Austrian riverside.</div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-53665948716173680722023-10-14T16:26:00.002+02:002023-10-14T16:26:19.445+02:00Royal Oaks of Vének<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2023/07/aranykert-veneken.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ6jAfp1TZoQEdad0yGSEt1sgaGdxVf_BI_kiVSU5EDuRPYSMYXNteiAbQu_joGhhRa9gRGT_jaq67QgFk7DbaIymEpptl0ga_7bZSf3eIUpaSvx3hYcMs7YQqzI8dqwQTrO7_zVlqZz9JbyOniop6iK_TFEcNUTy5MsnEi7nuOhqV1DbIAaQdr6Hni957/s6016/DSC_0387.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="6016" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ6jAfp1TZoQEdad0yGSEt1sgaGdxVf_BI_kiVSU5EDuRPYSMYXNteiAbQu_joGhhRa9gRGT_jaq67QgFk7DbaIymEpptl0ga_7bZSf3eIUpaSvx3hYcMs7YQqzI8dqwQTrO7_zVlqZz9JbyOniop6iK_TFEcNUTy5MsnEi7nuOhqV1DbIAaQdr6Hni957/w640-h426/DSC_0387.JPG" width="640" /></a></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The Csallóköz (Žitný ostrov) is typically referred to as the Golden Garden in the Hungarian literature. Exactly why this is so, perhaps because of the gold panning, will probably never be known, but it is certain that a piece of the "Golden Garden" can be found on the opposite side of the Danube, the Szigetköz, near the village of Vének. Twelve oaks form this Golden Garden, each are older than a hundred years. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKAawiLlinQUmzQeedi_KcYQJBq3I-E4GpplnPEdHj2mNZjqxgMk8nnFy55Kcab3TmKxJTy9uGx3Ke58bU4IVEfDYTFwS_AdFA_gil-pL2OdFFypaTEysAELIuOsj0rEC7fF2DQBOeZnbmcNd0Q2rEASRIeOlK2ZCq10njdIFp4Nj2GpYXy3i3qyKHQCEg/s6016/DSC_0393.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6016" data-original-width="4000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKAawiLlinQUmzQeedi_KcYQJBq3I-E4GpplnPEdHj2mNZjqxgMk8nnFy55Kcab3TmKxJTy9uGx3Ke58bU4IVEfDYTFwS_AdFA_gil-pL2OdFFypaTEysAELIuOsj0rEC7fF2DQBOeZnbmcNd0Q2rEASRIeOlK2ZCq10njdIFp4Nj2GpYXy3i3qyKHQCEg/w426-h640/DSC_0393.JPG" width="426" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Royal oaks of queen consort Elisabeth</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">It's not a big garden, with just a dozen oak trees, plus the meadows underneath. It looks like an extension of the village built on a narrow river bank. Along the huge flood protection embankment that runs alongside it, trees have been felled, but at this point the rule seems to be broken. Less noticeable on the site, but the trees are planted in regular order, assessing from their size a long time ago. Unfortunately, one of them, judging by the withered leaves on one of its branches, has dried up this year. The information plaques under the oaks date their age to at least 125-127 years, since the saplings were planted in two phases; in 1896 and 1898, first to commemorate the Hungarian Millennium and then two years later to commemorate the death of queen consort Elizabeth (10 September 1898), Franz Josef's wife. The former group forms a hexagon, with the famous Árpád oak in the middle, underneath which the villagers hid a time capsule. The south-eastern part of this group of trees dried up this year, breaking the geometric shape. Five of the Elizabeth trees form the letter "X", west of the Millennium group. These shapes can be seen really well from above in the leafless season. The conservation value of this group of trees is that the saplings are said to have originated from the now deforested hardwood groves of the Szigetköz.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4bPp0hDicmZExp3_K2zT3VRbqL6_tsaPZmyudZU-81T26DmOypX7LTjHN8e5tj4E8jfsD3ObDtMalWCPZyrsK5Bj-W3L2v5mpTnMQHR6AgqceJEFXvA8aOPH1CqxgsyiferQysKWeXVo70lGk7WdPuoAskEXqz2XqMnp13rvacBwXQ0xsmjFlSzSi07H/s886/V%C3%A9nek1969.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="886" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4bPp0hDicmZExp3_K2zT3VRbqL6_tsaPZmyudZU-81T26DmOypX7LTjHN8e5tj4E8jfsD3ObDtMalWCPZyrsK5Bj-W3L2v5mpTnMQHR6AgqceJEFXvA8aOPH1CqxgsyiferQysKWeXVo70lGk7WdPuoAskEXqz2XqMnp13rvacBwXQ0xsmjFlSzSi07H/w640-h378/V%C3%A9nek1969.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The golden garden in gray scale. (<a href="https://www.fentrol.hu/hu/legifoto/97991?r=1&c=1977902.0683849999:6063242.3191875:9">fentrol.hu</a>) 1969. november 12.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">It didn't take much for the Hungarian Water Authority to cut these oaks down for flood protection reasons. According to press reports of the time, the oak grove was saved thanks to József Pados, the last school principal in Vének, who "formed a human chain around the grove with his primary school pupils, which made the people with chainsaws and their bosses, who were marching to the storage area, back off": </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">We escape the heartbreaking silence of the school. József Pados knows an interesting story about every house in Vének. We go from gate to gate, and old stories and mischiefs warm up in his memory. At the end of the village we stop in front of the Golden Garden. Beautiful oaks sway their branches in the warm wind. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">- This is the tree of the seven chiefs. They were planted at the Millennium. According to the writings that have come down to us, the names of the people of the village at the time were placed in a jar at the base of the Árpád tree, and one of each of the coins of the time was also placed at the base of the tree. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">- These were the trees you even called me to save? </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">- Yes. They were going to be cut down years ago because there is a regulation that there can be nothing on the ground within sixty metres of the side of the embankment. Fortunately, they were rescued. I did a lot of research, but my efforts were not in vain. Now, not only the inhabitants of Vének, but also the people of Győr can enjoy it, because more and more small weekend houses are being built on the banks of the Danube. Kolerasziget, Tordasziget, Angliakert, Szélkert, Ficsor-dűlő, Rókadomb, Ciglés, Ökörmező - you know the history of all of them and you know the area like the back of your hand.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The trees of the Golden Garden have been saved and have been protected since 1982. The school was not so fortunate, the children from Vének are now taken to school in Kisbajcs.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixyBhXf0YXR4uJiXeBRI4lS5dEPxtWU5GK0xLUyAaa6beq1zA0iPJwLXLDcc4OhOJHNXoOXS4NwpAO4EqQAO1LGKarMuYyc-SH9IF4LAKi7QEPMDCS8z8OY_RaglpIOHyDvkRjqo_raLzCn5Ln9FwA2RnKyRBILAyQP57LLkwC3ihfy1ZSst7pLUUTcR5B/s5995/nepomuki.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3581" data-original-width="5995" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixyBhXf0YXR4uJiXeBRI4lS5dEPxtWU5GK0xLUyAaa6beq1zA0iPJwLXLDcc4OhOJHNXoOXS4NwpAO4EqQAO1LGKarMuYyc-SH9IF4LAKi7QEPMDCS8z8OY_RaglpIOHyDvkRjqo_raLzCn5Ln9FwA2RnKyRBILAyQP57LLkwC3ihfy1ZSst7pLUUTcR5B/w640-h382/nepomuki.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Resting St John of Nepomuk</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: justify;">Despite the fact that one of the millennium oaks has withered, there are still a dozen trees defying water regulations, as an old black poplar tree stands on the side of the embankment north of the oaks, sheltering the statue of St John of Nepomuk, who rests beneath it. It watches the traffic of at least three dusty roads, while the Danube flows behind it, beyond the embankment.</p></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-32329561187089065702023-10-13T21:03:00.004+02:002023-10-14T08:42:47.468+02:00Danubian Island of the year 2023<div><b><br /></b></div><b>This is the 11th time the Donauinseln blog announces the traditional poll for the Danubian Island of the year!<br /><br />You can vote for the three nominated islands between 13th October and 30st December 2023!</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2023/10/az-ev-dunai-szigete-2023.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></span></div><div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Mt7PZsd-2xj6XAeu0Z34cUpZRcBUYecpOYPopKNIp5SfZ9EHvVkLDsPwYDlnSsOSZwwvfbMzuR96fSGZMvp4ngVLf6S-ehyphenhyphenHO6Y7xFQtzpycn6kA4r0lrcabKgdcKIo1W6pJNQExX5klKGa_eSNrQQVyV1xUUPga3h8UJsVFsKWAK8uvTEmHFZvVYhUM/s960/danubianisland2023.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="960" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Mt7PZsd-2xj6XAeu0Z34cUpZRcBUYecpOYPopKNIp5SfZ9EHvVkLDsPwYDlnSsOSZwwvfbMzuR96fSGZMvp4ngVLf6S-ehyphenhyphenHO6Y7xFQtzpycn6kA4r0lrcabKgdcKIo1W6pJNQExX5klKGa_eSNrQQVyV1xUUPga3h8UJsVFsKWAK8uvTEmHFZvVYhUM/w640-h430/danubianisland2023.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Last year's winner: The Prímás Island at Esztergom, Hungary</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div>The aim of this contest is to focus attention on the often unknown islands of the Danube. Most of you probably visited the Seychelle Islands before any Danubian Island. This is the ninth poll, and we are happy we have started a tradition and more and more people will learn about these islands across the World.<br /><br />The winners so far (you might noticed, this is a Hungary-based blog):</div><div><br /><div><div>2013. <b>Kompkötő Island</b>, Vác</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2014. <b>Helemba Island</b>, Esztergom</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2015. <b>Kismarosi Island</b>, Kismaros</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2016. <b>Szalki Island</b>, Dunaújváros</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2017. <b>Csallóköz/Žitný ostrov</b>, Slovakia</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2018. <b>Molnár Island</b>, Soroksár, Budapest</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2019. <b>The Great Island of Rácalmás</b></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2020. <b>Kerekzátony Island</b>, Ráckeve</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2021. <b>The Island of Mohács</b>, Hungary</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: center;">2022. <b>Prímás Island</b>, Esztergom</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This year, a long-planned change to the voting process has been introduced. For 10 years, readers could nominate two of the three islands to be joined by the blog's candidate in the final vote. As the majority of the blog's readers live along the Esztergom-Dunaújváros stretch of the river, the islands here have become over-represented, and often the same islands have been competing we've seen in the past. From this year, we present you the three candidates, representing one existing island, one disappeared island and one island beyond Hungary's borders.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>We present the candidates in alphabetical order, which is also the reverse order of the river's flowing direction:<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The <b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2023/10/bari-mintazatok.html" target="_blank">island of Bár</a> </b>lies on the Hungarian stretch of the Danube between Baja and Mohács. Its speciality is its diverse fauna, which is derived from the area's wide variety of wetland types. This landscape has been created and is being destroyed by anthropogen impacts. A tributary of the island was closed by a stone dyke, that is why its side-arm is constantly being filled-up, and since the 1970s several hectares of floodplain forest have grown up on the sand banks. In the meantime, what is left of the island on the main branch is gradually dying, with erosion processes characterised by impassable banks and waterlogged trees. The area belongs to the Danube-Drava National Park.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyx8mPX-6j6JJL0LGwx4uSsUdkz_zpH146nHCJ1wez8A4coKjiL0rsZBy4mOjaVMet7lKDd_B4_eA4gpp-9nb2HiKMepj6YzeOj0p7YzClV30rkRQxUzs1Kfb4aGlD81aGeJiDbeVwK43FXfCca7eBP1CPpFzzK0KGZdrZqv2QTfPAEKCfVkSR_uTa_oen/s6016/DSC_0747.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="6016" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyx8mPX-6j6JJL0LGwx4uSsUdkz_zpH146nHCJ1wez8A4coKjiL0rsZBy4mOjaVMet7lKDd_B4_eA4gpp-9nb2HiKMepj6YzeOj0p7YzClV30rkRQxUzs1Kfb4aGlD81aGeJiDbeVwK43FXfCca7eBP1CPpFzzK0KGZdrZqv2QTfPAEKCfVkSR_uTa_oen/w640-h426/DSC_0747.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Southern tip of the Bár Island</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJnBQVJGSOWQWZm1ws6XvaasAbBx3ssz56N8xsDXmsNh-mDv3DqxzN2IqGnP3IYU75jk2WqITVa9zYz1O0Auxa0sPUUP2sdsOfE3s6Sg1B02qbfQRh-rOU1bkQsNNMDT6iQp5hktI-4XaMEa7J8BFlkaE7nPaCPa_gWGBILqJcmVQYmtA0B1tru1hX8h2z/s1815/1968ev.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="927" data-original-width="1815" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJnBQVJGSOWQWZm1ws6XvaasAbBx3ssz56N8xsDXmsNh-mDv3DqxzN2IqGnP3IYU75jk2WqITVa9zYz1O0Auxa0sPUUP2sdsOfE3s6Sg1B02qbfQRh-rOU1bkQsNNMDT6iQp5hktI-4XaMEa7J8BFlkaE7nPaCPa_gWGBILqJcmVQYmtA0B1tru1hX8h2z/w640-h326/1968ev.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Island of Bár in 1968, during low-water (fentrol.hu)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There is almost no trace of <b>Gubacsi Island</b> in Soroksár. Only those who know what they are looking for will find remaining traces of the island, despite the fact that the island, named after the nearby Árpád village, existed less than a century and a half ago. Its fate was sealed by the closure of the Soroksár Danube in 1871, its tributary drying up as a result of the water level descending in the northern section, which over time has been eroded by agriculture and a clay mine for brick-making. What makes it special is that it is now a veritable urban jungle in the Wild West sense of the word. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIG7257nu1tV6idTWZ5bp8R9DSA1RERyuJ3wGdFdLMIriQi8OvxVBsCRZ3_rdNUIado04Ow6H5kcDMXKI5jitVnBwGTGNTyo8zE7a-vMT7f6s7ijmN5tcYJYHGvdddBtK9UOs2RTik9K9-UCim0j4NytHd1BB0Z62wvK4qfaN4o47NypneQ2sO1HshKpZ/s6016/DSC_0344.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="6016" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIG7257nu1tV6idTWZ5bp8R9DSA1RERyuJ3wGdFdLMIriQi8OvxVBsCRZ3_rdNUIado04Ow6H5kcDMXKI5jitVnBwGTGNTyo8zE7a-vMT7f6s7ijmN5tcYJYHGvdddBtK9UOs2RTik9K9-UCim0j4NytHd1BB0Z62wvK4qfaN4o47NypneQ2sO1HshKpZ/w640-h426/DSC_0344.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">About what is left of Gubacsi Island in Budapest</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirbIdZRAr1EFRVki0_iae2NLPqFTcxHaOPbO6bRd5mL2AKni9qNY-Owa2eYLULnVRwnA3DhD6u1rtf-PrqVYYb6NM_YajzAxYul5zbcIPoysQ948VnFvfmoSI0yP8W6HV4ZcIFs6qHh6er0ZmeotXKYapH4OcXm3A92JQCqWKfAo790i1XLALjRY42ZLMv/s1032/gubacsi_1880.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1032" data-original-width="922" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirbIdZRAr1EFRVki0_iae2NLPqFTcxHaOPbO6bRd5mL2AKni9qNY-Owa2eYLULnVRwnA3DhD6u1rtf-PrqVYYb6NM_YajzAxYul5zbcIPoysQ948VnFvfmoSI0yP8W6HV4ZcIFs6qHh6er0ZmeotXKYapH4OcXm3A92JQCqWKfAo790i1XLALjRY42ZLMv/w572-h640/gubacsi_1880.JPG" width="572" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Gubacsi Island right before its disappearence (1880. mapire.eu). </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The island of Mitterau, also known as Ledererhaufen, near Wallsee in Austria, is a pseudo-optical illusion to look for in old and present-day photographs. If you want to identify the island from an aerial photograph taken in 1930, today's best guess would be the island next to the Wallsee-Mitterkirchen hydroelectric power station. However, this island has since been extensively reshaped and is located directly opposite side of the Wallsee castle. However, the river has been creating new reefs and removing old islands on this once very braided section. Mitterau/Ledererhaufen was finally connected to the opposite left bank by river regulation, and since then nature has largely forested the sediment deposited in the closed tributary.</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOkQI0WcrjjMMdgh9WYt_MpUYF59jFB6MxJoqckhynDEBAbLpRm5g5sD2l33bBr3-F25IHeeZysgWQuOyVHa91q4qtTRGuPD5SfkHs4CpLWlijk4e1vkven8FokrpMTmKDl6OHQdKdtgw1JwjeFfYpw9bIlxP-axPE8xoktDwAoalEzLWIP6ocLmvXat5s/s1102/mitterau_lederer.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="1102" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOkQI0WcrjjMMdgh9WYt_MpUYF59jFB6MxJoqckhynDEBAbLpRm5g5sD2l33bBr3-F25IHeeZysgWQuOyVHa91q4qtTRGuPD5SfkHs4CpLWlijk4e1vkven8FokrpMTmKDl6OHQdKdtgw1JwjeFfYpw9bIlxP-axPE8xoktDwAoalEzLWIP6ocLmvXat5s/w640-h464/mitterau_lederer.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Mitterau/Ledererhaufen in the year 1930. (National Library of Austria)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTYu0IyLkHTd32dUuPlk4VYZttITyW7QTpme6tycSRGZQ44N-CX768vzRkyD0OMd7PsmdN51BPpa9_0tVFHZbAinnNXoMBxxlM-HbVFQ57QN4w5spWaq4vAVzAiEMf9iH2Qmi0zsZOVNMZDRaxSHDDKwMUKJRPu1ZMm5c6zT0MfzvpKkILRaT4jWpMAbLS/s1453/mitterau_lederer2023.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="1453" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTYu0IyLkHTd32dUuPlk4VYZttITyW7QTpme6tycSRGZQ44N-CX768vzRkyD0OMd7PsmdN51BPpa9_0tVFHZbAinnNXoMBxxlM-HbVFQ57QN4w5spWaq4vAVzAiEMf9iH2Qmi0zsZOVNMZDRaxSHDDKwMUKJRPu1ZMm5c6zT0MfzvpKkILRaT4jWpMAbLS/w640-h358/mitterau_lederer2023.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wallsee and its surroundings in 2023. (googleearth)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Voting closes at noon on 30 December 2023. Results will be announced in the first post of 2024!<br /><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />
<div class="OPP-linkBack" style="color: grey; font: 11px arial; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.easypolls.net" style="text-decoration: none;">online polls</a></div> <script data-height="300px" data-id="65298cc05f496a00605b0101" data-width="400px" src="https://vote.easypolls.net/em.js" type="text/javascript"></script></div></div></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-8989465172104984852023-06-10T22:59:00.007+02:002023-06-11T13:31:28.956+02:00The Danube in Lorraine<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2023/06/a-duna-lotaringiaban.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9TMVGtrBMMfekWgv1R5ooGxd7Be5L1gVcVajYtvcnsXhbpa4sQV9Uh16Cru30iXehtzIWrspt_8NTlNu0WrOS1FRHSzWKjE5_5nsQZm1B7utvCeA_DRcfPUAp8Is-wLmpkBJcEhf8zr4_xL8K_WNMMmM6-MQBilwvpk7quMAltIFDo_KHLtxq9PCBpw/s1324/DLor1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1324" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9TMVGtrBMMfekWgv1R5ooGxd7Be5L1gVcVajYtvcnsXhbpa4sQV9Uh16Cru30iXehtzIWrspt_8NTlNu0WrOS1FRHSzWKjE5_5nsQZm1B7utvCeA_DRcfPUAp8Is-wLmpkBJcEhf8zr4_xL8K_WNMMmM6-MQBilwvpk7quMAltIFDo_KHLtxq9PCBpw/w640-h480/DLor1.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Danube is a 4.5-kilometre-long river in Lorraine, France, which flows through the Rhine into the North Sea. There are no major European capitals on its banks, the largest settlement at its mouth has only 314 inhabitants.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmrCw1RNOLw3pZ7ba6nQ76D-kYVRABS4oK1pXgaN6CaW2qe08BfXeEEHe_XUJ2v-xV7GZFjJ1ZhnxL9fGrZoJfveo8nX52yVjxABjbtMjebXo5UfoJ9Nsil19Sek19Hgzq8FAYQzy2uXNrrxBNiucgrhsC2ltrUTY2r5UEhj71ORxrbktqSCUWzMfggQ/s1001/DLor5.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1001" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmrCw1RNOLw3pZ7ba6nQ76D-kYVRABS4oK1pXgaN6CaW2qe08BfXeEEHe_XUJ2v-xV7GZFjJ1ZhnxL9fGrZoJfveo8nX52yVjxABjbtMjebXo5UfoJ9Nsil19Sek19Hgzq8FAYQzy2uXNrrxBNiucgrhsC2ltrUTY2r5UEhj71ORxrbktqSCUWzMfggQ/w640-h478/DLor5.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Le Danube" the river of Verdenal</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">I would never have found this hydrographic curiosity on my own, but luckily Eric Baude, the French author of the Danube Culture website, brought it to my attention over a beer in Zebegény. Most of the pictures are from him, as he <a href="http://www.danube-culture.org/un-danube-lorrain/" target="_blank">had written about "Le Danube"</a> before. This post is inspired by his writing, but it is not a literal translation. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">From the outset, it is important to note that the most important question can not be answered: where did this stream-like river get its name? Did the French envy their German neighbour's big river? Was it named in memory of the inhabitants who had migrated east on the "real" Danube? Or was it the Romans again...?</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQOKbeQHXiHOXDnLEB_xMRM3ZLX4sS8Q2Oqut3_fm9C519WrV_mAZ80FYLKcnV2yS88MSASN2JnTkFiN8q8UOiFcZtYXV8xMkkv-EXKbonn9CzXH1RwECuKf2GwqhGqQc0h2WqDUIMGJ211kxwBn2iTMzB3vtK0EZcWJZ4DcJM4d_9bo8fFWxpuTUqHg/s1023/LeDanube.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="901" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQOKbeQHXiHOXDnLEB_xMRM3ZLX4sS8Q2Oqut3_fm9C519WrV_mAZ80FYLKcnV2yS88MSASN2JnTkFiN8q8UOiFcZtYXV8xMkkv-EXKbonn9CzXH1RwECuKf2GwqhGqQc0h2WqDUIMGJ211kxwBn2iTMzB3vtK0EZcWJZ4DcJM4d_9bo8fFWxpuTUqHg/w564-h640/LeDanube.JPG" width="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The valley of Verdenal in 1744. (mapire.eu)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">150 kilometres northwest of the source of the Danube, on the other side of the Rhine, is the Danube river, or "Le Danube". It is called in French exactly the same as its big brother to the east. It's source is in the bucolic hilly landscape of Lorraine between Autrepierre and Verdenal, and flows straight southwards through its valley. At Domèvre Le Danube joins the Vezouze River (see top photo) which comes from the western slopes of the Vosges mountains.</div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcOnVPbGvDHALYY8soHOqT1bCZXM6Q2JIIh10DjMdHJ-bpcoy3vHjmmFqzRTaibb71FkSc7BRNtBVh53hDHWAWZ_CWwNzoW1uXdbIn84uOLYW9wpxZrhoqpdNLBI77Dcc7KQofb7Dyuv3GhnQJd2R6SNZ9x5oBB5Exb4KgVo9dn7JNrf7_ADMNQ9coXQ/s1320/DLor2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="990" data-original-width="1320" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcOnVPbGvDHALYY8soHOqT1bCZXM6Q2JIIh10DjMdHJ-bpcoy3vHjmmFqzRTaibb71FkSc7BRNtBVh53hDHWAWZ_CWwNzoW1uXdbIn84uOLYW9wpxZrhoqpdNLBI77Dcc7KQofb7Dyuv3GhnQJd2R6SNZ9x5oBB5Exb4KgVo9dn7JNrf7_ADMNQ9coXQ/w640-h480/DLor2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The Vezouze then flows into the River Meurthe near Lunéville. It is from the latter river that the modern-day département of Meurthe-et-Moselle takes its name. Where is the former Principality of Lorraine...?</div></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLT12SObmJcVhIwXkNST0ESzNAJkXrfD5ge4Z8qWV6Iqj1ItChdJgmIp8CkFZSLecoJVaGs0svMC-W0dg6joHSUbFlbR8n6uXDLzBX0rwr-XeEIixip5Wr0wT4mj91VPwwOw_Cp5WKJTwkxwPets_ceY8zxqCej82AcRGZenguKpGY8ZCjFMhM1pMQMg/s1318/DLor3.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1318" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLT12SObmJcVhIwXkNST0ESzNAJkXrfD5ge4Z8qWV6Iqj1ItChdJgmIp8CkFZSLecoJVaGs0svMC-W0dg6joHSUbFlbR8n6uXDLzBX0rwr-XeEIixip5Wr0wT4mj91VPwwOw_Cp5WKJTwkxwPets_ceY8zxqCej82AcRGZenguKpGY8ZCjFMhM1pMQMg/w640-h478/DLor3.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lorraine landscape near the village of Autrepierre, near the source of 'Le Danube'.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The name of the French département is revealing of the rest of the hydrography. The Meurthe flows through Nancy, the former seat of the Duchy of Lorraine, where the late descendant of the Dukes of Lorraine, the Royal Hungarian Prince Otto of Habsburg-Lorraine, held his wedding in 1951. A few kilometres below the city, the Meurthe flows into the Moselle, which then flows northwards through the city of Metz, crossing the Franco-German language border and then the Franco-German border. The Moselle finally flows into the Rhine at Coblence.</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JBhbW2BzT0cCPQCFGnmIv-rIF_RUMttJoToXIAXuRVbGX5VJueMVDpre_4rR-KRkKpTllVQqtquddgI1PPxPnkCjf6StXX7D8ZfUcNXIr9iFzcziuJN5Qn5V4Ngk3oN1Ah-itM1x6iz4mJQIVkpzy30dpuTSDR9UeRkZGBV1Hpj1NklQpPU-UnsJoQ/s1341/DLor4.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="987" data-original-width="1341" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JBhbW2BzT0cCPQCFGnmIv-rIF_RUMttJoToXIAXuRVbGX5VJueMVDpre_4rR-KRkKpTllVQqtquddgI1PPxPnkCjf6StXX7D8ZfUcNXIr9iFzcziuJN5Qn5V4Ngk3oN1Ah-itM1x6iz4mJQIVkpzy30dpuTSDR9UeRkZGBV1Hpj1NklQpPU-UnsJoQ/w640-h472/DLor4.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dammed section north of Verdenal.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcxzxmSGxaFnj0uKjINf80hRSEZ3ZkJotZR8HG7XTHhMBXQJEJ32ruMfl48fkeK1TB1jngeRUknXUuBpARvKaxt-GMGEOuk0bs4tn3ylbJaJpKJv9e_hRX9H4LRFOxaupxRjYAWTsNrRtfrwVGNsU0B44QwAd9WxbkAFniKk5ItGXG7VDbgHv5c8KIxA/s784/Danube%20lorrain%20Verdenal%20VI.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="784" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcxzxmSGxaFnj0uKjINf80hRSEZ3ZkJotZR8HG7XTHhMBXQJEJ32ruMfl48fkeK1TB1jngeRUknXUuBpARvKaxt-GMGEOuk0bs4tn3ylbJaJpKJv9e_hRX9H4LRFOxaupxRjYAWTsNrRtfrwVGNsU0B44QwAd9WxbkAFniKk5ItGXG7VDbgHv5c8KIxA/w640-h462/Danube%20lorrain%20Verdenal%20VI.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bridge over the 'Le Danube' in Verdenal.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-02OCX45vmdXQEGGHsuW-UFLObNImPNp3P_fMLHizYSSr1O13lX7b8EARvz_Sxpb88k8WpMxw8yFdSe2-NCUkdksIVvwArXf1vfXq4V1FTGYby5LcySolFXEaAiIlM4_sHwpJ0lfVz9PB6l_rS-hE7M4iPHnpA60NlrQGIR7IxjRktwkEdqXG9MVFA/s822/Danube%20lorrain%20Verdenal%20VII.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="822" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-02OCX45vmdXQEGGHsuW-UFLObNImPNp3P_fMLHizYSSr1O13lX7b8EARvz_Sxpb88k8WpMxw8yFdSe2-NCUkdksIVvwArXf1vfXq4V1FTGYby5LcySolFXEaAiIlM4_sHwpJ0lfVz9PB6l_rS-hE7M4iPHnpA60NlrQGIR7IxjRktwkEdqXG9MVFA/w640-h380/Danube%20lorrain%20Verdenal%20VII.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The same bridge on a German postcard from the First World War.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Few people know, but after the expulsion of the Turks, not only Germans (Swabians, as they are commonly called in Hzngary) from Austrian territory arrived in Hungary, but also French people. Lorraine was not yet part of France in the mid-18th century, and the dukes here had very close links with the Austrian Empire. Frenchmen from Lorraine were also involved in the expulsion of the Turks, one of whom, Claudius Florimund de Mercy, later became governor of Banat, Southern Hungary. He played a major role in bringing the Swabians and the French from Lorraine downstream the Danube to Hungary, especially to Banat. Is it possible that this connection with Hungary is the reason for the name of the river's name in Verdenal? </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Image source: Eric Baude (http://www.danube-culture.org/un-danube-lorrain/)</div></div></div></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-1164857998444163532023-01-05T14:47:00.004+01:002023-01-05T17:33:18.779+01:00The Chronology of the Danube's Destruction<p>"What does a country mean to one who loves it? It means, for instance, the treasured scenes imbedded in our memories. And few parts are imbedded there so deeply as the Danube Bend and the Visegrád district. The sublime surface of the water peacefully turning, and alive with the play of light, comes almost up to our feet. We gaze and imbibe its stillness and motion, distance and proximity, and the floating hum of rare sounds of civilization that only deepen the silence.</p><p>A few years ago, a tongue of land started out towards the middle of the water, into the midst of the scene above Visegrád and Nagymaros. It makes a depressing sight. This is not the art of landscape at work, but preparations for unmistakably dismal industrial monuments of 20th century man: a concrete barrage, a concrete bridge, a concrete rim, a concrate bank and a concrete power plant. As the barrage worms its way towards the middle of the Danube, turning the hitherto unbroken surface into a muddy pool and robbing its nature of a scene of national value, a great many things have happened in Hungarian society. The developments have benn watched with aching hearts by tens of thousands of people... We must absorb a blow—the symbolic blow with which the barrage being built scars the surface of the Danube at Nagymaros.</p><p>Water, since time out mind, has symbolized the rich, ceaseless course of life, and when water dries up, it has always signified the ebbing of life. Water has played many tricks on bungling mankind during the course of history, and it will play more tricks today when a vast ecosystem is destroyed. For we have not yet closed within us the file on the barrage issue. It is not immaterial what kind of symbol Nagymaros comes to represent in our history."</p><p style="text-align: right;">Foreword by Gyula Kodolányi, April 1988.</p><p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2023/01/eloszo-duna-elterelesehez.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQaNmHpv8OKgNKtZi0U5HumP_r3irh0FFgZaytFPmu6HRgjCy8elSWf_3lCOlWA-y8lzXuA0CmNTf08ZHeDI2L5ym09Z8-JWIEyIVWnWxXwIsndIpFSMFeOuJgxzjIrPe9VXrmIDOoNTYcuwDUcHk9I2XPv_1r1AcynZHMIcnx7ZmVTJJjtiHvxozt7g/s2531/84_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1606" data-original-width="2531" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQaNmHpv8OKgNKtZi0U5HumP_r3irh0FFgZaytFPmu6HRgjCy8elSWf_3lCOlWA-y8lzXuA0CmNTf08ZHeDI2L5ym09Z8-JWIEyIVWnWxXwIsndIpFSMFeOuJgxzjIrPe9VXrmIDOoNTYcuwDUcHk9I2XPv_1r1AcynZHMIcnx7ZmVTJJjtiHvxozt7g/w640-h406/84_nm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dunacsún 1992. X. 24. (EPA)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The title of the booklet published in two editions and in 12 languages by the Office of the Government Spokesman in 1993 is borrowed from the famous poem by Attila József. The aim of the booklet "By the Danube" was to draw the world's attention to the disadvantages and the negative environmental impacts of the Bős-Nagymaros barrage project. From this point of view, we are dealing with a propaganda publication, but propaganda can be carried out not only for bad but also for good purposes. The volumes contain only a small amount of text, and the authors have placed more emphasis on the visual material. After a foreword by the Hungarian author Gyula Kodolányi, the booklet presents the history of the power plant project and the main events of the civil resistance organised against in chronological order. They have not bothered much with presenting the parameters of the power plant, comparing the water level of the canal with the surrounding villages and landscape is the only such figure. </p><p>A rich collection of 90 selected photos from the late 1980s and early 1990s is divided into three sections, the first of which shows the natural landscape. The focus is on the Danube bend, the landscape and scenery, islands, animals and plants, but there are also images of the Ipoly Valley and the Szigetköz. The second part shows the construction works (mainly earthworks) of the Nagymaros dam. It is likely to stir something in even the hardest-hearted pro-power plant engineers, or at least make them more understanding towards those who protest against the plant. The destroyed, industrious landscape alone is frightening enough, although the damage caused by the dam, the submerged islands, flooded archaeological sites, demolished holiday homes, planned flood protection dykes and sluices are, of course, not even visible. </p><p>In the third part, pictures with a separate black frame show the Czechoslovakian construction site in Bős (Gabčíkovo) and Dunacsún (Čunovo), where, in addition to earthworks, the power station was already being concreted and the Danube diverted. For the first image, I chose the photo that stayed with me as a small child, watching the huge reinforced concrete blocks fall into the river on TV with my grandfather. We cheered in vain for the river to destroy the dam being built, taking the blocks with it, but eventually the water began to run out, and in the end it barely seeped between the concrete and the crop stone. Then the water dried up in the Szigetköz branch system, leaving vast meanders filled with dead fish.</p><p>Although Nagymaros and the Danube bend were partially saved, the struggle is continuous. The plans of the Nagymaros (+Adony +Fajsz) power plants are constantly smouldering under the ash and flare up from time to time during periods of low water. Some things are constant, economic interests in the Danube bend currently override landscape and nature conservation interests. Whether it's new hotel investments or the huge gravel quarry planned for Pilismarót, where work was started in the past precisely because of the power plant investment in Nagymaros, in order to 'save' the gravel deposit from flooding. That is why these photos are important, so that we know what we have gained by not building the power plant in Nagymaros.</p><p>Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)</p><p><b>October 1950</b></p><p>Professor Emil Mosonyi puts a proposal at a meeting of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences to draw up a programme, to be realized jointly with Czechoslovakia, consisting of two hydroelectric power stations-Gabčíkovo and Nagymaros-for the purposes of energy production, navigation and flood protection.</p><p><b>April 18, 1953</b></p><p>A group chaired by Hungarian Deputy Prime Minister Ernő Gerő reviews the preparatory operations. In Gerő's view, all the aims of the construction project could also be accomplished more cheaply without the power station.</p><p><b>July 30, 1958</b></p><p>The National Chief Directorate for Water Management submits a secret proposal to the Political Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Worker's Party on joint Hungarian-Czechoslovakian utilization of hydroelectric power on the Danube Bend. </p><p><b>August 5, 1958</b></p><p>The Hungarian Socialist Worker's Party Political Committee passes a resolution on the construction of the Nagymaros hydroelectric power station.</p><p><b>February 27, 1962</b></p><p>The National Planning Office and the Chief Directorate for Water Management inform the Hungarian Socialist Worker's Party Political Committee that the feasibility studies for the Nagymaros barrage project have been completed with Soviet assistance.</p><p><b>April 1963</b></p><p>Economic committees representing the two governments agree to the construction of the hydro system. Deadline 1975.</p><p><b>January-February 1974</b></p><p>The two governments endorse the definitive version of the programme for the construction.</p><p><b>September 15, 1977</b></p><p>János Kádár and Gustáv Husák, general secretaries of the two countries' communist parties, announce the decision to build the scheme.</p><p><b>September 16, 1977</b></p><p>Prime ministers Lubomír Strougal and György Lázár sign the international treaty on the construction. Deadline for completion: 1986-1990.</p><p><b>May 12-14, 1980</b></p><p>Three years after the conclusion of the inter-state treaty, members of Hungary's technical and scientific community have their first chance to criticize and express opposition to the project at a conference in Tatabánya.</p><p><b>September 22, 1980</b></p><p>The barrage system is discussed by 400 engineers meeting at the House of Technology in Budapest. Engineers György Hábel and István Molnár criticize the plan and vote against a draft recommendation to the government supporting the project.</p><p><b>December 31, 1980</b></p><p>The Hungarian government suspends work on the project.</p><p><b>November 1981</b></p><p>The periodical <i>Valóság </i>publishes János Vargha's article "Further and Further from Good" (Egyre távolabb a jótól - Dokumentumok a Gabčíkovo— Nagymarosi Vízlépcső-rendszer történetéből), criticising the investment.</p><p><b>October 10, 1983</b></p><p>Prime Ministers Strougal and Lázár reconfirm the original treaty and set a new deadline for completion: 1995.</p><p><b>December 20, 1983</b></p><p>The Presidium of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences comes out in support of suspending construction, but classifies its report top secret until an investigation has been made into the likely environmental damage.</p><p><b>January-February 1984</b></p><p>Public platform debates on the project begin. The Social Committee for the Danube draws up a petition calling for the suspension of construction work until a comprehensive study of its ecological effects has been made, and begins collecting signatures.</p><p><b>Spring-Summer 1984</b></p><p>The Danube Conservation Society is refused a permit to form. Numerous professional associations and university groups and the Hungarian Writers' Association are all dealing with the damaging effects of the hydro scheme.</p><p><b>September 1984</b></p><p>The Danube Circle forms, and decides to issue newsletters without a permit.</p><p><b>November 1984</b></p><p>The Danube Circle, having gathered some 10,000 signatures to copies of a petition, submits it to Parliament and the government. No response is recieved.</p><p><b>December 1984</b></p><p>Apart from the Austrian environmentalists, the Czechoslovak government also protests officially against a projected Danube hydro station at Hainburg. The Austrian government later abandons the scheme. </p><p><b>May 1985</b></p><p>In general elections for the Hungarian Parliament, the public are permitted to put forward nominations for the first time. The problem of the hydro project features during the run-up to the elections.</p><p><b>June 21, 1985</b></p><p>The Hungarian Academy of Sciences holds a working meeting behind closed doors to discuss a proposal to halt the project made by nine independent experts: Mrs József Bozzay, Mihály Erdélyi, György Hábel, Sándor Jakab, Gyula Marót, István Molnár, Zalán Petneházy, Károly Perczel and János Tóth.</p><p><b>Autumn 1985</b></p><p>The European Parliament intervenes against the environmentally damaging project and anti-democratic harassment of the protesters against it.</p><p><b>December 1985</b></p><p>The Danube Circle receives the Right Livelihood Award, the so-called alternative Nobel Prize, in Stockholm, for its campaigning against the hydro scheme.</p><p><b>January 30, 1986</b></p><p>The group demanding a referendum on the Nagymaros project because of its environmental and economic damage reinforce their demand with 6,500 signatures and submit the petition to the Hungarian Presidential Council. The secretary of the Council politely refuses to accept it.</p><p><b>February 6, 1986</b></p><p>The Danube Circle is forced to abandon an "ecological walk" it has announced, because of threats from the police.</p><p><b>April 16, 1986</b></p><p>A political advertisement paid for by 30 Hungarian environmentalists appears in the Vienna paper Die Presse, protesting at the way Austrian firms are exploiting the lack of democracy in Hungary by providing credit and their services as technical contractors for the scheme in exchange for electric power.</p><p><b>May 1986</b></p><p>A Hungarian-Austrian credit agreement is concluded to finance the construction of the Nagymaros power station.</p><p><b>August 1987</b></p><p>The Czechoslovak and Hungarian governments represented by Prime Ministers Lubomír Strougal and Károly Grósz urge the scheme in a joint statement.</p><p><b>April 24, 1988</b></p><p>Hungarian environmentalists hold a protest march from Visegrád to Esztergom.</p><p><b>May 27, 1988</b></p><p>A demonstration is held outside the Austrian Embassy to protest against Austrian involvement in the hydro project.</p><p><b>July 21, 1988</b></p><p>Thirteen Danube conservation groups form the Nagymaros Committee to oppose construction of the barrage scheme.</p><p><b>September 4, 1988</b></p><p>The World Wildlife Fund and the Danube Circle hold a joint conference on the ecological effects of the project.</p><p><b>September 12, 1988</b></p><p>A demonstration by tens of thousands of people outside Parliament calls for a halt to the construction of Nagymaros.</p><p><b>October 3, 1988</b></p><p>Hungarian environmentalists form a human chain across the Budapest bridges, demanding a halt to construction.</p><p><b>October 6-7, 1988</b></p><p>The Hungarian Parliament holds a debate on the barrage scheme for the first time. The decision, with 19 votes against, is to continue construction but impose strict environmental-protection conditions.</p><p><b>October 30, 1988</b></p><p>A torchlight protest is held in Budapest, from Margaret Island to Parliament.</p><p><b>February 6, 1989</b></p><p>The deputy prime ministers of the two countries, Péter Medgyessy and Pavel Hrivnak, sign a protocol accelerating the construction of the project.</p><p><b>February 27, 1989</b></p><p>The Nagymaros Committee submits to Parliament about 140,000 signatures calling for a referendum on the issue.</p><p><b>April 3, 1989</b></p><p>A demonstration by 15,000 people takes place at the Nagymaros construction site.</p><p><b>May 13, 1989</b></p><p>The Hungarian government declares a two-month moratorium on construction of the Nagymaros barrage, which is already 30% complete.</p><p><b>July 20, 1989</b></p><p>The moratorium is extended until October 31. The Hungarian government refuses to agree to further work on the Dunakiliti headwater reservoir and diversion of the Danube for the Gabčíkovo station.</p><p><b>August 18, 1989</b></p><p>The Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry, in a letter of protest, demands compensation of USD 2 billion for the delay to the scheme.</p><p><b>August 31, 1989</b></p><p>Czechoslovak Prime Minister Ladislav Adamec raises the prospect of unilateral diversion of the Danube. This is the first appearance of Variant C.</p><p><b>September 1, 1989</b></p><p>The Hungarian government's reply refers to the suspension of construction, warning that unilateral continuation of the project would bring a deterioration in relations.</p><p><b>October 31, 1989</b></p><p>The Hungarian Parliament passes a resolution on omitting the construction of the Nagymaros station and on seeking to renegotiate the 1977 treaty, with consideration for the ecological aspects, the reliable scientific findings and the national interest. (Some 95% of Hungary's surface water stocks enter from abroad).</p><p><b>February 3, 1990</b></p><p>Slovak, Austrian and Hungarian environmentalists hold a joint protest, forming a human chain between Bratislava and Gabčíkovo.</p><p><b>May 20, 1990</b></p><p>The new Hungarian government formed after the free elections presents its political programme, in which it declares on the basis of expert opinions that the project is faulty, and announces its intention of beginning negotiations with the new Czechoslovak government on rehabilitation of the sites and division of the costs of the damage caused.</p><p><b>July 23, 1991</b></p><p>The Slovak government decides that if the Hungarian side refuses its cooperation, it is possible temporarily to complete the barrage and power station exclusively on Czechoslovak soil (Variant C).</p><p><b>May 18, 1992</b></p><p>After two years of abortive negotiations, the Hungarian government abrogates the 1977 treaty.</p><p><b>October 17, 1992</b></p><p>Environmentalists make a symbolic start to demolishing the part of the Nagymaros barrage that was built.</p><p><b>October 23, 1992</b></p><p>Unilateral diversion of the Danube on Slovak territory into the artificial headwater channel above Gabčíkovo begins.</p><p><b>October 23, 1992</b></p><p>The Hungarian government appeals to the International Court in Hague for legal redress against the arbitrary alteration of the course of the Danube, which forms the frontier between the two countries, and against ecological aggression.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQhcwVjqFmTuDA3R8fzkusUUaP8cneKvbevmvwM6rYKBt8CPEz1utqOJTqjz-2nopB_zsJ05rHETqxeMO7gX2rmhf6wWy4AjXP0hF4t7lnk_hrAGqN9GOTiSJTjmVVDJFqpDzj0bg8cxTgjKqudIdg0RF2JL6vn3nw4Lag-SD6_Wy-4jg3blOcNMT0kw/s2479/8_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1821" data-original-width="2479" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQhcwVjqFmTuDA3R8fzkusUUaP8cneKvbevmvwM6rYKBt8CPEz1utqOJTqjz-2nopB_zsJ05rHETqxeMO7gX2rmhf6wWy4AjXP0hF4t7lnk_hrAGqN9GOTiSJTjmVVDJFqpDzj0bg8cxTgjKqudIdg0RF2JL6vn3nw4Lag-SD6_Wy-4jg3blOcNMT0kw/w640-h470/8_nm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The nothern tip of the Szentendrei Island, 1986. (Ráfáel Csaba)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtQmFL0ixnVQZPX3kLJ4HzR2sPGcQbUt9Q89AH4m9A_6KskYVgxg15V8obWluxQC-rspGIZxO5vOslu7WMJgQ6qtotMMzmpWM9_rcvR9ESL50PXV03Y_aD5Vr65YybzPKK_m8XiWr0lCJw5FGk3ncGsTyfzC4cgXWqkT2tbDe1mUBvkTPjkxvbuEFuQ/s1988/18_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1988" data-original-width="1942" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtQmFL0ixnVQZPX3kLJ4HzR2sPGcQbUt9Q89AH4m9A_6KskYVgxg15V8obWluxQC-rspGIZxO5vOslu7WMJgQ6qtotMMzmpWM9_rcvR9ESL50PXV03Y_aD5Vr65YybzPKK_m8XiWr0lCJw5FGk3ncGsTyfzC4cgXWqkT2tbDe1mUBvkTPjkxvbuEFuQ/w626-h640/18_nm.jpg" width="626" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The citadel of Visegrádi, 1985. (Balaton József)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_WirUiKfXibB_lHBIo4XisAECV8noZqgOKvnkKFD3Lge2aDu1VDTxKa_ETSWssjCsGwrsCF9-E7FvEbnsJVA_v-uqa5y981mQdj5350wo_SZlmQOm5iXILFEvdJvtnw9uE4-gJmBscBZoTF3NQ5fCzZ1C6I9sXtnHzUrCOw2pHohaV6H6UGONCkhOw/s2439/25_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1954" data-original-width="2439" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_WirUiKfXibB_lHBIo4XisAECV8noZqgOKvnkKFD3Lge2aDu1VDTxKa_ETSWssjCsGwrsCF9-E7FvEbnsJVA_v-uqa5y981mQdj5350wo_SZlmQOm5iXILFEvdJvtnw9uE4-gJmBscBZoTF3NQ5fCzZ1C6I9sXtnHzUrCOw2pHohaV6H6UGONCkhOw/w640-h512/25_nm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Helembai Islands 1988. (Weress Kálmán)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3QTVmUF95M2z4WaB5kZQDpCbwOMhNispXoy245admyVgawzzeQuMEqI8YSf2bQX6hH7UTNw3C-lu0Je1EyZx5ymSOsYuCP7KN3PUQW_ZZMUBxKUW0v9RvHGKPmVQNtcK0y3j-2xJ9ddYCApiUhVcktK25rqTHTFByRheAnehPOJxA6Dmh49Hsof_YA/s2443/49_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2443" data-original-width="1767" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3QTVmUF95M2z4WaB5kZQDpCbwOMhNispXoy245admyVgawzzeQuMEqI8YSf2bQX6hH7UTNw3C-lu0Je1EyZx5ymSOsYuCP7KN3PUQW_ZZMUBxKUW0v9RvHGKPmVQNtcK0y3j-2xJ9ddYCApiUhVcktK25rqTHTFByRheAnehPOJxA6Dmh49Hsof_YA/w462-h640/49_nm.jpg" width="462" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Constructions at Nagymaros, 1989. (Asztalos Zoltán)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoyhFNUrZMHoIHegi06r_RpAffieiNL3e1QUKcyBYVzlNoacAhEm1NY_OrxQOOWl7X6UhtE8_1YNHUf_m_1q1x7HLl2-xBXZmSVbydJT89Xg4ozMOoUV5epUW0QAdmY3BuZX8YMgYNtfIaC3h1LOimikva1s-iV1wEuwEBQHcPrdj7XvxjFRnmbLeW8Q/s2439/56_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1678" data-original-width="2439" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoyhFNUrZMHoIHegi06r_RpAffieiNL3e1QUKcyBYVzlNoacAhEm1NY_OrxQOOWl7X6UhtE8_1YNHUf_m_1q1x7HLl2-xBXZmSVbydJT89Xg4ozMOoUV5epUW0QAdmY3BuZX8YMgYNtfIaC3h1LOimikva1s-iV1wEuwEBQHcPrdj7XvxjFRnmbLeW8Q/w640-h440/56_nm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Visegrád, 1988. (Weress Kálmán)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb1vgzwOu_eXglwx7hkRzi_yhhAXZyE_sqTEkPv3ObxqZl34YR7QIvebC41eSECdYoIFIOUbPSRKZDbeci8eE_2dFfHlribDwszJmtTheh6tmXF0zh-1XWTk-fq8_ROCpRDApTfy7ICJA8OwnZKM3v02PHxJ3sD3btJfAQyH86RnhD3yXAGHYbVOlNqw/s2410/57_nm0007.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2035" data-original-width="2410" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb1vgzwOu_eXglwx7hkRzi_yhhAXZyE_sqTEkPv3ObxqZl34YR7QIvebC41eSECdYoIFIOUbPSRKZDbeci8eE_2dFfHlribDwszJmtTheh6tmXF0zh-1XWTk-fq8_ROCpRDApTfy7ICJA8OwnZKM3v02PHxJ3sD3btJfAQyH86RnhD3yXAGHYbVOlNqw/w640-h540/57_nm0007.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Visegrád, 1988. (Weress Kálmán)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh--Ewdqrbz8igJXoopJsVRKGfSNmxoFj_y1DNzitLUVAy4wrCAWPozRl7RsIb4ka9-WUYX2Q-o3S99ilKloQkR9sOIrHFKlrpfr1axNP7jDfWgyUa5tzWhDn_ZiRojnObi6CgpIAxLh73eHYbSFQqfUqPF2Glo4PRQ-s4AguisGMZhhk6qTfTSVIfdyA/s2442/60_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1793" data-original-width="2442" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh--Ewdqrbz8igJXoopJsVRKGfSNmxoFj_y1DNzitLUVAy4wrCAWPozRl7RsIb4ka9-WUYX2Q-o3S99ilKloQkR9sOIrHFKlrpfr1axNP7jDfWgyUa5tzWhDn_ZiRojnObi6CgpIAxLh73eHYbSFQqfUqPF2Glo4PRQ-s4AguisGMZhhk6qTfTSVIfdyA/w640-h470/60_nm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Nagymaros desert 1989. (Weress Kálmán)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBfx5VZUN-O6T4-8w82bVoZ7Mz1RKy62ehyr2Ga0ROT_AOsBvwi-SJimldT-LGrq2NEQ6YzI34CRw38WLsWrJ5Ic4yyHoTXmv7Jr6GZyEXBsBZocy9J8Q3ZDjN8tGSlgIadgoTABKTmLWg50-eXeIn5RLYJn0t9KoeS_BchacXYfgaa2tikOT8P0g9A/s2463/64_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1778" data-original-width="2463" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBfx5VZUN-O6T4-8w82bVoZ7Mz1RKy62ehyr2Ga0ROT_AOsBvwi-SJimldT-LGrq2NEQ6YzI34CRw38WLsWrJ5Ic4yyHoTXmv7Jr6GZyEXBsBZocy9J8Q3ZDjN8tGSlgIadgoTABKTmLWg50-eXeIn5RLYJn0t9KoeS_BchacXYfgaa2tikOT8P0g9A/w640-h462/64_nm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nagymaros and Visegrád, 1992. (Weress Kálmán)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLaUHwdx1v_smSfwbZ7X0EREfJWn9xUEICxU6xYbao_Dd80EGrQAl6hVD6Z_Jj69iA-qc5J5h0Wz9yKbJGSWBdnYb9OU5JNL7JkLTPKhx7QMbVK8DMlJtTPwrYTz1nZUBUvPG2ER1fj1rqGdUCPtctX4C3Q85yhGQ6oyFL104hQBMPQRuptN31hZ8Peg/s2452/76_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2452" data-original-width="1793" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLaUHwdx1v_smSfwbZ7X0EREfJWn9xUEICxU6xYbao_Dd80EGrQAl6hVD6Z_Jj69iA-qc5J5h0Wz9yKbJGSWBdnYb9OU5JNL7JkLTPKhx7QMbVK8DMlJtTPwrYTz1nZUBUvPG2ER1fj1rqGdUCPtctX4C3Q85yhGQ6oyFL104hQBMPQRuptN31hZ8Peg/w468-h640/76_nm.jpg" width="468" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bős, 1986 (Kisbenedek Attila)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbnK5lLYobJejcUBGQK1X78S71ytJUGJvS43JqkK9bNHr_As3eBqXfwagHSl5z8SkHnXN-hxiRymryHQz5sw1Mvf4-7fziHVVc4iP568JiOp7p_7Sm78wbVyBR_VgOu9nf9ZtVAWX6z67rh20L8lC7p7cxXVmJBf9F_ITr1O2mI7rkUOJl52IWT-UAOA/s1963/77_nm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1463" data-original-width="1963" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbnK5lLYobJejcUBGQK1X78S71ytJUGJvS43JqkK9bNHr_As3eBqXfwagHSl5z8SkHnXN-hxiRymryHQz5sw1Mvf4-7fziHVVc4iP568JiOp7p_7Sm78wbVyBR_VgOu9nf9ZtVAWX6z67rh20L8lC7p7cxXVmJBf9F_ITr1O2mI7rkUOJl52IWT-UAOA/w640-h476/77_nm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bős, 1986. (Balaton József)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRiozFZ3GlN7KhnLEZJM8-RcqJYXKiwSanhk3b1Ng1RLdA0ms4csRxnv4Y0JbjtTbiWSIi3bPiEpGcIvZQ-ymGNHKUe2XQEBj6dtLYjd-JgS6ZzldozDv26zWiiRr_DxJMYk8v4JsiTuHFwLO2mEqpGCMY7qpObu96ZnAXXx3rGt90MIg35m8QrhCDxw/s2537/81_nm0002.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1771" data-original-width="2537" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRiozFZ3GlN7KhnLEZJM8-RcqJYXKiwSanhk3b1Ng1RLdA0ms4csRxnv4Y0JbjtTbiWSIi3bPiEpGcIvZQ-ymGNHKUe2XQEBj6dtLYjd-JgS6ZzldozDv26zWiiRr_DxJMYk8v4JsiTuHFwLO2mEqpGCMY7qpObu96ZnAXXx3rGt90MIg35m8QrhCDxw/w640-h446/81_nm0002.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vajka, 1991 (Cseke Csilla)</td></tr></tbody></table>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-58983483482206364522022-11-02T22:44:00.001+01:002022-11-02T22:45:16.074+01:00Marshpepper Park<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2022/10/keserufu-park.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Thus, as we approach November, the Égető island at Vác displays a picture of hopeless desolation. It is like an overgrown castle park under a gloomy sky, where the summer sunshine on the Danube has flown away as quickly as the once open water has been conquered by waist-high marshpepper. </b></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqox57PrEomsSPiC6p3iZmOyu8U5Vagm2wBw732z04ScNGAFVNPrCy6l71GZ2CKMeAYve5FufmG5hCpYrLtVZbh3ik8IRyDo5td1dGI02ZrBqobgTOoK8Pdb56thLgM8CENBVsylkFwpC4T-6LhgmvMkdttgjTJ5qwjfLpjiUezc6Bx4qpv6AlkFPO8g/s4608/DSC00941.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqox57PrEomsSPiC6p3iZmOyu8U5Vagm2wBw732z04ScNGAFVNPrCy6l71GZ2CKMeAYve5FufmG5hCpYrLtVZbh3ik8IRyDo5td1dGI02ZrBqobgTOoK8Pdb56thLgM8CENBVsylkFwpC4T-6LhgmvMkdttgjTJ5qwjfLpjiUezc6Bx4qpv6AlkFPO8g/w640-h480/DSC00941.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marshpepper, the terror of grazing animals.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2009/10/egeto-sziget-szodliget-20091007.html" target="_blank">13 years ago</a>, it was still possible to walk from the lower estuary to the dam in the adjacent branch of the Égető island. You needed wellingtons, though, because the wide muddy, watery bed was quite marshy. Since then, vegetation has completely taken over the dry riverbed, but even in recent times it was possible to walk through in the ankle-deep vegetation, interrupted in some places by patches of willow groves. By 2022, the situation had changed dramatically, with waist-high <i>Persicaria hydropiper</i> invading all but a few lower-lying open sections. </div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLnyofCuZhFfqDXV0uLpI0bFnGO4Ph0QaxQyPBODL5wZlPaelD_HwALg7Iay8eB2FPlzQhqCHnFcS9ISKVbjmdlFjdHqSn1uFC6a4Lz051zP8hP_3wBFmO2dAAj0AKwAgMFD-F5fygrnooAQDpUWeIAxjF0PvnlbSh7XXTE1wUjJGe2HxBmM7ghIujQ/s4608/DSC00903.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4608" data-original-width="3456" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLnyofCuZhFfqDXV0uLpI0bFnGO4Ph0QaxQyPBODL5wZlPaelD_HwALg7Iay8eB2FPlzQhqCHnFcS9ISKVbjmdlFjdHqSn1uFC6a4Lz051zP8hP_3wBFmO2dAAj0AKwAgMFD-F5fygrnooAQDpUWeIAxjF0PvnlbSh7XXTE1wUjJGe2HxBmM7ghIujQ/w480-h640/DSC00903.JPG" width="480" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Marshpepper is an annual herb, but its seeds, which sprout at the end of October, will ensure a supply next year. Its own safety is guaranteed by the active ingredients (acids and essential oils) in its shoots; if consumed by grazing animals, it can cause intestinal inflammation and skin irritation. Its deep roots trap floodplain sediments, and its decaying stems further increase the organic matter content of the soil, providing a bed for successive plants. As of 2022, they completely cover the surface of the riverbed, wild boars no longer penetrate its rows, only the open areas concentrated in the three remaining watery depressions. The succession of the Égető branch is taking place at a rapid pace, before our very eyes, and the removal of the concrete dam blocking the branch is unlikely to reverse this process. Unless some drastic action is taken, such as dredging up the riverbed, we will find a willow forest here in 10 to 20 years. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxdCz1icc6vUBvDkEKMUPmxcP7FJtTvxmf1pRmg1CQrVgU1EwmFDRymZg2Atu3O-DIngZrBqQFSxhSC7WP9YcUuPgdBq_J3tKKsdrC2LX1N8LSaNsZ_OUeYypn2sFh06wHmOMt-QV0GKS1sVmoAZwNDb5e2E9fveS8tLEXjHUtgfcNht5RxeH_6fhdSw/s4608/DSC00891.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxdCz1icc6vUBvDkEKMUPmxcP7FJtTvxmf1pRmg1CQrVgU1EwmFDRymZg2Atu3O-DIngZrBqQFSxhSC7WP9YcUuPgdBq_J3tKKsdrC2LX1N8LSaNsZ_OUeYypn2sFh06wHmOMt-QV0GKS1sVmoAZwNDb5e2E9fveS8tLEXjHUtgfcNht5RxeH_6fhdSw/w640-h480/DSC00891.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-southern-tip-of-egeto-island.html" target="_blank">The southern tip of the Égető island</a> (on the right)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI3I_aBebJ6gyIQ6sqDXnb4uDFyThx7f9767CvZMWUeLsyX-1ES9kzkxQLZMAoXcl8MYC5hZf6POLS7UhYOFJlmN27vZiiS_cJliig5zLClUU99t8bjFzsfpVpK5XAGsaFVNXDj20nx3Ch6gX7Lym7y0JjPaVk62Lt3B7xTPLILso45S0JWnHqH-cu8g/s4608/DSC00893.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI3I_aBebJ6gyIQ6sqDXnb4uDFyThx7f9767CvZMWUeLsyX-1ES9kzkxQLZMAoXcl8MYC5hZf6POLS7UhYOFJlmN27vZiiS_cJliig5zLClUU99t8bjFzsfpVpK5XAGsaFVNXDj20nx3Ch6gX7Lym7y0JjPaVk62Lt3B7xTPLILso45S0JWnHqH-cu8g/w640-h480/DSC00893.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Like a closing eye, vegetation closes around the remaining water surfaces.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrF_Ug1Lnk8rPvQsP2JUsV3InY_pd-7r3cNF8ISc0FlQmjsVZzzHRSMEU4N14-Sxpgdv8rXTHvO9D486XaJey5nlQPf2Qsw0_p5FKdUHRBhyX6tgQKJjSy92z9GFwhgnPwkqvqwlZ7jvSO8WApWcwHltnCoMxP9t7rhBX5hIIY0KrXY-EJaWQC5FR5zQ/s4608/DSC00897.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrF_Ug1Lnk8rPvQsP2JUsV3InY_pd-7r3cNF8ISc0FlQmjsVZzzHRSMEU4N14-Sxpgdv8rXTHvO9D486XaJey5nlQPf2Qsw0_p5FKdUHRBhyX6tgQKJjSy92z9GFwhgnPwkqvqwlZ7jvSO8WApWcwHltnCoMxP9t7rhBX5hIIY0KrXY-EJaWQC5FR5zQ/w640-h480/DSC00897.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The riverbed at 32 centimeters at the Váci gauge. <br />The water level in the main branch of the Danube is much lower.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbD-pQ2wHrTVHZGT-pokBPA2PoXrtPNkdDYxaIQcSxn70Fu-cXWPJQwywmKUmJ5rn9YcvyrQeELsHRtNaPnit0nOXjQ5iWbLEJPxZJWD0UiG3djs0JkxWmBh07UnHtbMU3itZc8nGLnjXHzfFP73t9fPek600CHg4MKvUZSEU8X7VQmUAHlbamnJgewg/s4608/DSC00909.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbD-pQ2wHrTVHZGT-pokBPA2PoXrtPNkdDYxaIQcSxn70Fu-cXWPJQwywmKUmJ5rn9YcvyrQeELsHRtNaPnit0nOXjQ5iWbLEJPxZJWD0UiG3djs0JkxWmBh07UnHtbMU3itZc8nGLnjXHzfFP73t9fPek600CHg4MKvUZSEU8X7VQmUAHlbamnJgewg/w640-h480/DSC00909.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Settlers, hungry for land waiting for the last reservations.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3tiZJF6c-L15n_qE16-M9y5wya-0DN29iOPomKdedFn5NSSzJZeo8zOr7jx0UXHAAjiu7hckutgJwO8mC67bP_wvizi-bQYDtB7PTaRXVjVSJCPJUdooj9iKgttqlfq9MNLP1Z_yZILvSQwobULp4S_UAxOrkSCHKa5DJnhwaF8SsLu6v46R6YEIxkQ/s4608/DSC00915.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4608" data-original-width="3456" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3tiZJF6c-L15n_qE16-M9y5wya-0DN29iOPomKdedFn5NSSzJZeo8zOr7jx0UXHAAjiu7hckutgJwO8mC67bP_wvizi-bQYDtB7PTaRXVjVSJCPJUdooj9iKgttqlfq9MNLP1Z_yZILvSQwobULp4S_UAxOrkSCHKa5DJnhwaF8SsLu6v46R6YEIxkQ/w480-h640/DSC00915.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Traces of wild boars covered with water.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-qSjsTsAcZcdevEfU_6GK8qeA8FArBQB83GTiTET0BsG6gv0pLFshn1wKEfo_b9h-jqyPBKRRyiyb5JzfwAa43Zq2NkLDTwYVXBrAgLpKLFJtcP7N0qZhDft90ma8uT6EWBNJ2Y1TuxxHv3yFmLAYApRaru4x5DQFYeNboEIAKtPftz657TUCltzZA/s4608/DSC00921.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-qSjsTsAcZcdevEfU_6GK8qeA8FArBQB83GTiTET0BsG6gv0pLFshn1wKEfo_b9h-jqyPBKRRyiyb5JzfwAa43Zq2NkLDTwYVXBrAgLpKLFJtcP7N0qZhDft90ma8uT6EWBNJ2Y1TuxxHv3yFmLAYApRaru4x5DQFYeNboEIAKtPftz657TUCltzZA/w640-h480/DSC00921.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In most cases, it is no longer possible to tell from the picture where the riverbed ends and the island begins.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdEPmHWHFAILO2hp_cwgTn7q53ZO_1keSAejCK8h70LrdwDxQpqeknJxGyqUwGLsavSY-nGEmYFaO1jO-dEzLpr1aaH8kQYhdeKF7Zg1skRHVSE__3cE4D2Gz5bAM_zViYFO87XcCe-FUr_1Qb0Ga7WJJjoJUg0pTGC2WkrEPFHUlkjlWF8e2qt0wLSA/s4608/DSC00923.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdEPmHWHFAILO2hp_cwgTn7q53ZO_1keSAejCK8h70LrdwDxQpqeknJxGyqUwGLsavSY-nGEmYFaO1jO-dEzLpr1aaH8kQYhdeKF7Zg1skRHVSE__3cE4D2Gz5bAM_zViYFO87XcCe-FUr_1Qb0Ga7WJJjoJUg0pTGC2WkrEPFHUlkjlWF8e2qt0wLSA/w640-h480/DSC00923.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Horror vacui</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoJ259r_T0sjGqvLk9p-wOD2IwyZaQeQKEVcw9oevEKb-CsL2hwsDqttPYfLDFAyYV-C_r94EZ3_SYMuZV-PBr3oMjRBRlif_ilRdAyeUlkNNSR0maph9VZkabw4DUoLu5xE13zj5KUwHA27zcMtTZXZvpDuUzNqfxfdIL78D9_Zv-gWZHEaTH34drxw/s4608/DSC00933.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoJ259r_T0sjGqvLk9p-wOD2IwyZaQeQKEVcw9oevEKb-CsL2hwsDqttPYfLDFAyYV-C_r94EZ3_SYMuZV-PBr3oMjRBRlif_ilRdAyeUlkNNSR0maph9VZkabw4DUoLu5xE13zj5KUwHA27zcMtTZXZvpDuUzNqfxfdIL78D9_Zv-gWZHEaTH34drxw/w640-h480/DSC00933.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In a few years, the willow soldiers of the eastern and western fronts will shake hands here.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>I am just a spectator / An advocate documenting the loss</i>, as an educated Swede would write while wandering in this Marshpepper Park. The Danube Islands blog has no other option but to follow the developments and present it to a wider audience. After all, this is how the landscape along the Danube is transformed, whether by embankment, damming or other human intervention. In such cases, nature can do no more than rush after the events, hoping to reach a state of near equilibrium, where these changes take place over centuries or millennia, rather than decades. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)</div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-67747227687753230712022-10-13T11:39:00.002+02:002022-10-13T11:40:04.318+02:00Danubian Island of the year 2022<p style="text-align: right;"><br /></p><b>This is the 10th time the Donauinseln blog announces the traditional poll for the Danubian Island of the year! <br /><br />You can vote for the three nominated islands between 13th October and 30st December 2022.</b><div><br /><b><div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2022/10/az-ev-dunai-szigete-2022.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></b></div></b><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7wzoEAQyxHRHQjxxbte9NGW4hru1b3jbpZbzhNYBA4M_hd3Rto6fxMLZZhdPlvdZjaXnbQJJ_IrPFBI9s7-7EewnBYjSarCbNtXjQguF3DaFEBl6v6sF9iVCLi1i1l8AVVrmPhHaOznetlynfkuWD8lwNW_pNFyqLLuKCPT_PbT20hB4LWT2h8ZSlw/s960/evdunai2022e.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7wzoEAQyxHRHQjxxbte9NGW4hru1b3jbpZbzhNYBA4M_hd3Rto6fxMLZZhdPlvdZjaXnbQJJ_IrPFBI9s7-7EewnBYjSarCbNtXjQguF3DaFEBl6v6sF9iVCLi1i1l8AVVrmPhHaOznetlynfkuWD8lwNW_pNFyqLLuKCPT_PbT20hB4LWT2h8ZSlw/w640-h480/evdunai2022e.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Last year's winner: The Island of Mohács at Dunafalva with Roman-age ruins.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: center;"></p><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this contest is to focus attention on the often unknown islands of the Danube. Most of you probably visited the Seychelle Islands before any Danubian Island. This is the ninth poll, and we are happy we have started a tradition and more and more people will learn about these islands across the World.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The winners so far (you might noticed this is a Hungary-based blog):</div><div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">2013. <b>Kompkötő Island</b>, Vác</div><div style="text-align: center;">2014. <b>Helemba Island</b>, Esztergom</div><div style="text-align: center;">2015. <b>Kismarosi Island</b>, Kismaros</div><div style="text-align: center;">2016. <b>Szalki Island</b>, Dunaújváros</div><div style="text-align: center;">2017. <b>Csallóköz/Žitný ostrov</b>, Slovakia</div><div style="text-align: center;">2018. <b>Molnár Island</b>, Soroksár, Budapest</div><div style="text-align: center;">2019. <b>The Great Island of Rácalmás</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">2020. <b>Kerekzátony Island</b>, Ráckeve</div><div style="text-align: center;">2021. <b>The Island of Mohács</b>, Hungary</div><div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Once again this year, two islands have been selected by blog readers in the eleven-island qualifier. Esztergom's <b>Prímás Island</b> won by a huge margin, while the <b>Gödi Island </b>came a distant second. This year, the Danube Islands blog nominates the heavily regulated <b>Szigetköz</b>, located in NW Hungary. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">We present the candidates in alphabetical order, which is also the reverse order of the river's flowing direction:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvouZkzE1z-WlmEWU_mCRXF5E3YsaT6DF0MZnAGaWTbpTv0bCNlZMBLNhqj4M74lRBSZ9zcLGJVaZTc_vr44eNz_WRCEkQAQrx_NxfigkEyqcbjn6vwTnEODj_Ffq3OVO6DU13xSEAtmwfGOiTuT2fbqho0LtRYpbXWTGoRXnZD1ijD5NYaSqyQskPBw/s3201/1%20007.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1973" data-original-width="3201" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvouZkzE1z-WlmEWU_mCRXF5E3YsaT6DF0MZnAGaWTbpTv0bCNlZMBLNhqj4M74lRBSZ9zcLGJVaZTc_vr44eNz_WRCEkQAQrx_NxfigkEyqcbjn6vwTnEODj_Ffq3OVO6DU13xSEAtmwfGOiTuT2fbqho0LtRYpbXWTGoRXnZD1ijD5NYaSqyQskPBw/w640-h394/1%20007.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The southern tip of the Gödi Island in 1929 (source: <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2013/03/igy-nezett-ki-godi-sziget-1929-ben.html" target="_blank">Havas Nelli</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Gödi Island, Alsógöd</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Gödi Island is known as Sand Island to locals and beachgoers from far and wide, even though the sandy beach covers only a small portion at its southern tip. It's important to know that it is a nature reserve, a far-flung exclave of the Danube-Ipoly National Park. River regulation had also connected this island to the coast, but the Danube ice and local hands have gradually dismantled the artificial barrier to water flow, so that the main branch water can still flow freely in its silted-up bed for part of the year. Much of it is covered by a wild floodplain forest, whose only natural enemy is the recently reintroduced beaver.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ41kZ8dMQUmuPJssKtazFaebOzizOIICX8NB8lKwIc8ohGrLtT9EmENqRj1G3wmAEW8okzuBsRrIEjpD5e1QNYQHMJ7r6u-QiXGY8A7bo0eX0k10kiutLkKrxmJf8WNJGWR6A1rwOnCf1lODjVby_gPUm7zB3xKVv4meQQvKuRso5S_uBr035KZ76Vw/s1227/esztergom_1595.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="1227" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ41kZ8dMQUmuPJssKtazFaebOzizOIICX8NB8lKwIc8ohGrLtT9EmENqRj1G3wmAEW8okzuBsRrIEjpD5e1QNYQHMJ7r6u-QiXGY8A7bo0eX0k10kiutLkKrxmJf8WNJGWR6A1rwOnCf1lODjVby_gPUm7zB3xKVv4meQQvKuRso5S_uBr035KZ76Vw/w640-h226/esztergom_1595.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Braun Georg: A view on Esztergom, with the Prímás Island in the middle, 1595.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Prímás Island, Esztergom</span></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is quite hard to catch the essence of the Prímás Island on a photograph, so we decided to present it on a 1595 landscape to indicate how old and remarkable this island is. The northern side of the island, under the castle hill is urbanized with parks, bridges, recreational areas, and huge concrete buildings, while the other side towards Tát is a flood plain wilderness with unaccessible riverine forests. A famous feature of this 2.7 km long island is the reconstructed Maria Valeria bridge to Párkány/Stúrovo. Originally it was made of two islands, the Kutyaszorító and the Vízivárosi Island. Nowadays ist is named after the archbishops of Esztergom. The Prímás Island is a floodplain often flooded by the Danube.</div></div><div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV4poobhzX5nIVkKA2hWbPtniMrj_8GllLaj06wlkOPztev_aKYVGqv8Uie6oi0MAz4XkfHOwyOvEVNheIpM2UoC7OPF4oAsTAUhgiX98N4DrJgJLF-ZvkD0tyW3ocZS6qQe6_mlUAZQIHvzbG_O5dX1ecvM_CDtcmc4dnkVNUUm1BgdvrNpT2SkoZJA/s3264/PICT0101.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV4poobhzX5nIVkKA2hWbPtniMrj_8GllLaj06wlkOPztev_aKYVGqv8Uie6oi0MAz4XkfHOwyOvEVNheIpM2UoC7OPF4oAsTAUhgiX98N4DrJgJLF-ZvkD0tyW3ocZS6qQe6_mlUAZQIHvzbG_O5dX1ecvM_CDtcmc4dnkVNUUm1BgdvrNpT2SkoZJA/w640-h480/PICT0101.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">High water in the Szigetköz. 2013. May 4th, Kisbodak, St. Christoph's bridge</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="font-weight: 400;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Szigetköz</span></b></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Szigetköz is the little brother of the Slovakian Csallóköz/<span style="text-align: center;">Žitný ostrov</span>, where the Danube deposits its sediment entering the Carpathian Basin. It is bordered on one side by the ever-changing riverine labyrinth of the main branch of the Danube to the northeast, and on the southwest by the once navigable Mosoni Danube. Today it is Hungary's largest island, although it is not a real island because the Mosoni-Duna was heavily regulated in the past 100 years. It stretches from Rajka to Vének. It is a densely populated island, with several settlements, including parts of Győr: Révfalu and Bácsa. The area between the flood protection embankment and the national border marked by the "Old" Danube is a landscape protection area.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="OPP-linkBack" style="color: grey; font: 11px arial; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="OPP-linkBack" style="color: grey; font: 11px arial; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: left;">The poll will be closed at noon 30th December 2022. The results will be available in the first post of the year 2023!</span></div><div class="OPP-linkBack" style="color: grey; font: 11px arial; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16.77px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div> <script data-height="300px" data-id="6347cbaa384c660060fde1c8" data-width="300px" src="https://vote.easypolls.net/em.js" type="text/javascript"></script></div><div class="OPP-linkBack" style="color: grey; font: 11px arial; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.easypolls.net" style="text-decoration: none;">online polls</a></div> <script data-height="300px" data-id="6347cbaa384c660060fde1c8" data-width="400px" src="https://vote.easypolls.net/em.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-79429391813841985542022-05-18T16:47:00.003+02:002022-05-18T16:47:22.127+02:00Three sentences on Kovin<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2022/05/harom-mondat-kevevararol.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpBmquvFLQnKSPGZDBlEik-d7zHaRo-ZGb7PZMaTBOVzIWJ3lsseOlURCW4SOYsxqtsYLdQEukYsHachaYuuknzUOlXX6JIPQ-72A22UrQdhLkQ12rAtKP2bfRBokYfGIk34_TcMHhaA-ykfprgHvaRHynKbAoPhp7daKretsHg9yuqFU9XmDpzfVbQ/s2736/rackeve2020.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2720" data-original-width="2736" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpBmquvFLQnKSPGZDBlEik-d7zHaRo-ZGb7PZMaTBOVzIWJ3lsseOlURCW4SOYsxqtsYLdQEukYsHachaYuuknzUOlXX6JIPQ-72A22UrQdhLkQ12rAtKP2bfRBokYfGIk34_TcMHhaA-ykfprgHvaRHynKbAoPhp7daKretsHg9yuqFU9XmDpzfVbQ/w640-h636/rackeve2020.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Szent Ábrahámtelke, now Ráckeve as of autumn of 2020.</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to medieval Hungarian charters, after Smeredovo fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1439, a group of Serbians fleeing from the royal free town of Kevevára, an important Danube crossing point on the southern border, wandered for months around Pest and the Szentendre Island, until they finally settled in Szent Ábrahámtelke, in what is now Ráckeve, on the island of Csepel, Hungary, a place where a ferry crossed the Danube, similar to their former home.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqJAoBoYCQH_LxfHO9slN9C0AATbCqoR5CHgSRrHz_0QsDrD1tUS20x_GTk9WKm4jKETa-SU0VRyDPRzruDF4FcpdsSL32TQMjlImVoR5gufAZavHF3b2zy-0It5qWTQIqPdQ1-N1AeGBp-zffmU4QIBI1VXLi_GCCZfj4DwcbFpGrNhoUxUrhGAmhgA/s882/temeskubin_var.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="882" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqJAoBoYCQH_LxfHO9slN9C0AATbCqoR5CHgSRrHz_0QsDrD1tUS20x_GTk9WKm4jKETa-SU0VRyDPRzruDF4FcpdsSL32TQMjlImVoR5gufAZavHF3b2zy-0It5qWTQIqPdQ1-N1AeGBp-zffmU4QIBI1VXLi_GCCZfj4DwcbFpGrNhoUxUrhGAmhgA/w640-h412/temeskubin_var.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The fort of Kovin and the Dunavac (<a href="https://gallery.hungaricana.hu/hu/SzerencsKepeslap/1210799/?list=eyJxdWVyeSI6ICJ0ZW1lc2t1YmluIn0&img=0" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The formerly fortress of Keve, which was originally located on a Danubian Island, was not only threatened with destruction by the Turks (it was invaded in 1552 at the latest), but also by the condition of the southern walls of the fortress and, according to Frigyes Pesty's writing on the disappearing counties, by the Danube, or more precisely by its branch called the Dunavac, which was constantly being washed away: <i>'"In 1879, a fall of more than a hundred metres occurred, and a considerable part of the fortress fell victim to the river again. On this occasion, several objects from the barbarian period are unearthed and news of the ancient antiquity of the settlement is brought to light."</i></div></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUvKwOzdejUoq6N8CR5YSO6hMAz5YI0wySYHfPcmfeuSnPANYvWv8iyMAy5SYC6fd8aMsKDJx2uWemCbff6Q2qf8YCbFcUMWzI8i0SVx3psvS0_M0OM2vbDCjsproB4VO4k9t6uNgGh7TPf3lmcXemNGUf1c0T0hEchAFIo6ZwIQKLyxPI5AjCaQYsGA/s1478/kevevarmegye.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1478" data-original-width="1449" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUvKwOzdejUoq6N8CR5YSO6hMAz5YI0wySYHfPcmfeuSnPANYvWv8iyMAy5SYC6fd8aMsKDJx2uWemCbff6Q2qf8YCbFcUMWzI8i0SVx3psvS0_M0OM2vbDCjsproB4VO4k9t6uNgGh7TPf3lmcXemNGUf1c0T0hEchAFIo6ZwIQKLyxPI5AjCaQYsGA/w628-h640/kevevarmegye.jpg" width="628" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keve county in the Kingdom of Hungary (source: C. Tóth Norbert)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">After the peace treaty of Passarowitz liberated Temesköz, now known as Banat, from Turkish rule, the world changed so much that the southern Hungarian counties, such as Keve County, like Bodrog County, were searched in vain by experts in the revival of the contemporary administration, who, based on military considerations, finally turned part of its territory into a military frontier, and its seat was no longer called Kevevára, but Kovin.</p>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-42596330546777182272022-03-24T12:38:00.000+01:002022-03-24T12:38:21.339+01:00The Belene Archipelago<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2022/03/a-belene-szigetvilag.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></p><p><b>Nature can create hell on Earth, but a <a href="https://pangea.blog.hu/2017/07/19/vulkan_nott_a_kukoricafoldon" target="_blank">volcano emerging from a cornfield</a> is different from a man-made communist correctional labour camp on an island in the Danube. The Belene prison island in Bulgaria wants to forget the horrors of the communist era, in some ways too well underway, but the black stain of the past is probably indelible from the green island.</b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnvJMIz0EjfIpg5JAkW-CycrLJwDdTua6PwY0Z37NYgwkfWxfU4PUjlQk1hMhLHMNuH-8wtPig9UOO_hfGXQpt94vWJQHe2jP7lIRylDNM62jNYX-XBCW0jXY1nWHkGuPyoMpI_ItwSUMiYllrLEB5JS2KFrXv4Zsf3wad3VFnndVBQfdmi4SnU7SSJA/s1772/belene_wwf.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1772" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnvJMIz0EjfIpg5JAkW-CycrLJwDdTua6PwY0Z37NYgwkfWxfU4PUjlQk1hMhLHMNuH-8wtPig9UOO_hfGXQpt94vWJQHe2jP7lIRylDNM62jNYX-XBCW0jXY1nWHkGuPyoMpI_ItwSUMiYllrLEB5JS2KFrXv4Zsf3wad3VFnndVBQfdmi4SnU7SSJA/w640-h426/belene_wwf.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marshes on the eastern part of Belene Island © Александър Иванов (<a href="https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?208258/Three-new-transboundary-Ramsar-sites-proposed-by-Bulgaria-and-Romania" target="_blank">source</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">I first read about the history of Belene Island in Nick Thorpe's book "The Danube - A Journey Upriver from the Black Sea to the Black Forest". Its history is quite unknown, but perhaps the story of the Soviet Gulag Archipelago can be paralleled. Belene Island is also unique in that it is the largest island in the Danube in Bulgaria and is located close to the southernmost point of the Danube. We are closer to reality when we talk about the Belene as an archipelago, because sandbar and island formation is still active in this stretch, not only in the main branch but also in the smaller Danube riverbeds. Here, the islands die a "natural death", attached to the larger islands or to the riverbanks. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>The Belene archipelago consists of a main island, also known as Persin (Персин) Island, joined to the north by Kitka (Китка) Island (elsewhere Golyama Barzina), with only a narrow Danube-branch marking the thinning boundary. By the shapes of the floodplain, we can discover several smaller islands hidden in this backwater. To the north of Kitka there is the beautifully named Milka (Милка), in this case not a chocolate, but a female name. Calvados (Калвадос) is the only island in the Danube to my knowledge that is named after a type of alcohol, Calvados being a distillate made from cider from northern France, which some local with a sense of humour must have edited Google maps. There are also a few unnamed Bulgarian islands that have merged with the Romanian or left bank, some that are real islands on the Romanian side of the fairway, and extensive bars in the Danube at lower water levels.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>There are three other islands in the southern Danube arm, near the settlement of Belene, namely Magaritsa (Магареца), Belitsa or Štureca and the lowest downstream, Predela (Предела). They also have a descriptive name, and in the same order they are translated in English as Donkey-, Cricket- and -Frontier island. The latter takes its name from the fact that it lies on the border between the Bulgarian provinces of Pleven and Veliko Tarnovo.</div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Belene archipelago covers an area of about 54 square kilometres, roughly the size of Szentendre Island in Hungary. It is 14 kilometres long as the crow flies, 16 kilometres according to river kilometres and has a maximum width of six kilometres. In contrast to Szentendre Island, the entire area of the Belene archipelago lies on the floodplain and is basically unsuitable for permanent human settlement.</div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1wGlYYwXK2-pd8Y-fMC0QP5ldMf3Juu9KgD8jVniaVqF_Iks83nORZIZJrNl8LCj3rEodnMM-y8lPwBGl_izwhtAL55Nsbmg4Ei6-WQmj8T6lEql_TAyedlvnuF5uFRMQOUahEG5Oc8HuC3BILToVM03Cv8klgVh3uh4Kcyyb594t_dWYxYEZFu9SA/s1098/belene_ge.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="1098" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1wGlYYwXK2-pd8Y-fMC0QP5ldMf3Juu9KgD8jVniaVqF_Iks83nORZIZJrNl8LCj3rEodnMM-y8lPwBGl_izwhtAL55Nsbmg4Ei6-WQmj8T6lEql_TAyedlvnuF5uFRMQOUahEG5Oc8HuC3BILToVM03Cv8klgVh3uh4Kcyyb594t_dWYxYEZFu9SA/w640-h406/belene_ge.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Belene Archipelago (edited from Googleearth)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Until the spring of 1949, Belene was a relatively poor village with a Catholic Bulgarian population. Its poverty was due to the fact that much of its land lay on the flood plain of the Danube, and not only the islands but also the land on the right bank was flooded almost every year. And the flooded land was not suitable for wheat, only for maize, so white bread was considered as a luxury. The population of Belene used the islands for floodplain farming, mainly for animal husbandry. In the spring, cows, pigs and sheep were driven across the Danube and then driven back to the village in the autumn. The islands provided timber for building and firewood, the low-lying wetlands were full of fish, and the extensive flower meadows were a great source of bee-keeping. This idyllic land use ceased overnight in May 1949. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjChsavjlefBdybXwzueRWfu--07yzMF1gv_2TcSbDzt6H4CKeKApGaiyVQ9_d1hBmeUczxajtXvokqZJIdWG0T4G1zUcySllExsCaDgsbx9I-hREDCy8wOpUxkPPCsOOxx3N9fkafZoga94fhw-nby0UzG1pd0dR10ny-S5cewBOdzbx4UiRwpZKJFBQ/s960/belene_ponton.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="960" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjChsavjlefBdybXwzueRWfu--07yzMF1gv_2TcSbDzt6H4CKeKApGaiyVQ9_d1hBmeUczxajtXvokqZJIdWG0T4G1zUcySllExsCaDgsbx9I-hREDCy8wOpUxkPPCsOOxx3N9fkafZoga94fhw-nby0UzG1pd0dR10ny-S5cewBOdzbx4UiRwpZKJFBQ/w640-h426/belene_ponton.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The pontoon bridge at Belene (<a href="https://www.facebook.com/ostrovbelene/posts/4979296315461194" target="_blank">source</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">On May 1, 1949, just four days after the Bulgarian Interior Minister's decree approving the construction of the correctional labour camps, two officials appeared in Belene and the islands were effectively seized on behalf of the Interior Ministry. This involved the arrival of guards who drove the 20,000 livestock of the locals, hives and all, off the island at short notice. Until then, the communists had not had much support in the village, but sentiment reports this summer indicated that the dissatisfaction of the population was so great that the investment was in doubt. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Later, as time went on, this animosity slowly faded as many of the villagers found work and a good living as camp employees. Among them were most of the guards and administrative staff. Some prison guard later became mayor of Belene.<br /></div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjolLQIb1KLsYFWmFDwrQCKxjNgciSnIlb13UDc8Lht0I4iTChb02HU_Oqq5GBrMJkgqxahJ_VFCgvp_E90gJz9lHir_Nv4vqXUbpcFaGveK1Ud7nv61qtEvSD-gpLTL90ccDHfDiJ9yUK2LHtg9FFW3r157wqaV7uBXXeP6mjA60rwa_KOio8Q1i5xQ/s1385/belene_alap.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="1385" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjolLQIb1KLsYFWmFDwrQCKxjNgciSnIlb13UDc8Lht0I4iTChb02HU_Oqq5GBrMJkgqxahJ_VFCgvp_E90gJz9lHir_Nv4vqXUbpcFaGveK1Ud7nv61qtEvSD-gpLTL90ccDHfDiJ9yUK2LHtg9FFW3r157wqaV7uBXXeP6mjA60rwa_KOio8Q1i5xQ/w640-h334/belene_alap.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The situational map of the Belene Island's forced labour camp sites (<a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/89014" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The first group of inmates arrived on the island in the summer of 1949. The arrivals were difficult to keep secret, as the only pontoon bridge to the island was via the centre of Belene. The first 300 inmates were still living in branch-covered pits, and it was their job to build the camp and barracks. A wide variety of social groups were gathered here, including former members of parliament, members of opposition parties, prominent members of the middle classes, including the former mayor of Sofia, singers and church people of all denominations. There were intellectuals, military officers, kulaks, anarchists, monarchists, social democrats, agrarians and later even communists. In the 1950s, even listening to western music or dressing in western style was enough to get you into a forced labour camp. The only thing they all had in common was that they were all sent to Belene without a conviction. Initially, it was only possible to send someone to a correctional labour camp for six months, but in 1951 the duration was increased to three to seven years. Nevertheless, it was not uncommon to be imprisoned for 14 years in various Bulgarian forced labour camps, as Belene was not the only one, although it was the largest and longest-running. The other equally notorious place was Lovech, in the Balkan Mountains, but there were at least 40 other labour camps, although this is not an exact figure either, as there were temporary labour camps.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There were five camps scattered on Belene Island, marked with a Roman numbers. Site I is still in operation as a prison, since 1953. Currently, 500 prisoners are serving their sentences here. It is the closest to Belene settlement, with a straight road leading from the pontoon bridge. What distinguished it from the work camp was that the prisoners were brought here by court order, which did not mean that there was no overleap between the camp and the prison. In 1953, when following the death of Stalin amnesty was granted to political prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Bulgaria, many were not released but transferred to the prison. In 1957, the supervision of the prison was transferred to the Ministry of Justice. Site No. II was the actual forced labour camp, enclosed by barbed wire, moats and watchtowers. It was far away, in the eastern part of the island, surrounded by marshes, 10 kilometres from Belene. Here political prisoners were overseen by guards with machine guns. Because of the island's great distances, these guards were mounted on horseback and equipped with whips. The prisoners here did hard physical labour, building dykes, draining swamps, agricultural work and deforestation.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to camp residents' recollections, the barracks had no heating, there was no medical care and contact with the outside world was restricted. The camp was designed for 3,000 people, but between 1949 and 1953 a total of 12,000 people stayed there. If we take the whole period between 1949-1989, this number could reach 30,000. The food was most often diluted soup, with dry and/or mouldy bread, and sometimes the soup or tea was frozen in winter. Most died of starvation, freezing, lack of medical care and torture. According to survivors' recollections, the bodies of prisoners were sometimes fed to pigs, but flogging was a common punishment, after which the prisoners were tied up naked in a swampy place where the mosquitoes carried out the rest of the torture. The people who died on the island were buried in mass graves, but their location has not been discovered to date. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Site IV was located on the island of Shturets, where the women prisoners were housed. Camps III and V were working places for prisoners, one was an agricultural facility and the other a brick factory. On Belene Island, a total of 2,000 hectares were farmed after the Danube floods were eliminated by a system of dykes built by forced labour.</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqD2V1edsxeakx7JlnIqRrrMOCMNUTxEvr3o_sg7cV3l2SkGw9Cy-y7NfeKw8elRQyVQsPbSJmnTkyASt6nJqKzBKK684ERXW0f9zH1zo7t0-SBfSEngoKOm5GeWl40cERvBcqDO_iJ7FD5zybHhR4x7NNyuaqaDwQfSf6mgv61jZngp7VSUVWnF4Xw/s1377/belene_II.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="1377" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqD2V1edsxeakx7JlnIqRrrMOCMNUTxEvr3o_sg7cV3l2SkGw9Cy-y7NfeKw8elRQyVQsPbSJmnTkyASt6nJqKzBKK684ERXW0f9zH1zo7t0-SBfSEngoKOm5GeWl40cERvBcqDO_iJ7FD5zybHhR4x7NNyuaqaDwQfSf6mgv61jZngp7VSUVWnF4Xw/w640-h310/belene_II.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Belene Site II. (source: Krum Horozov)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Despite being the longest running and largest forced labour camp in Bulgaria, Belene was not permanently in use. Such camps operated in Bulgaria from the communist coup of 9 September 1944 until the fall of socialism, despite Bulgaria's public denial. Even at the very end, in the summer of 1989, people were interned in Bulgaria without trial. Belene was first operated as a labour camp from 1949 to 1953, with a 3-year break until 1956, but the Belene prison continued to receive detainees. In the autumn of 1956, after the failed October revolution in Hungary, the camp reopened and operated until 1959. According to memoirs, this period was the most brutal period of Belene. In 1959 the camp was closed and the prisoners were transferred to the quarry of the Lovech forced labour camp. However, the bodies of the victims who died there were transported back to Belene Island by trucks until 1962. There were two rounds a day, one in the morning and one in the evening. The bodies were sometimes dumped in the Danube, but most of them were buried in unmarked mass graves on the smaller islands. The simultaneous operation of the prison and the labour camp blurred the boundaries in the memory of the locals. Very few of those who recalled the events could tell the difference between the two, so the two institutions were often lumped together. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Site II. reopened in 1985, when the national-communist government began forcibly assimilating the Turkish and Pomak minorities. You could get to Belene just by refusing to change your name to Bulgarian. Typically, resistance leaders were interned on the island. These measures lasted until the fall of state socialism, and when the borders were opened 300,000 Bulgarian Turks emigrated to Turkey.<br /></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8jtDoSZcTegj-3kplFtYi2s9IZBNowzHMkVvGAsCu-FNo8kgArDDmEY4s6hWPfakrvIpX5YmNGNLzwGvJmE5DCuMifS35H3FtrbCcNlrsHJjtMfpiY4G3pS_W-kMBD08Iq-i59BoKyrGld8ZhYfHU5jJY9E3dy8ta0JGGV0wqvf5_zel3609RGn7gIg/s960/ostrov-belene-1_org.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8jtDoSZcTegj-3kplFtYi2s9IZBNowzHMkVvGAsCu-FNo8kgArDDmEY4s6hWPfakrvIpX5YmNGNLzwGvJmE5DCuMifS35H3FtrbCcNlrsHJjtMfpiY4G3pS_W-kMBD08Iq-i59BoKyrGld8ZhYfHU5jJY9E3dy8ta0JGGV0wqvf5_zel3609RGn7gIg/w640-h360/ostrov-belene-1_org.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Belene Island memorial (<a href="http://beleneisland.org/?lang=en" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The fall of state socialism in Bulgaria should be put between quotation marks, because in 1990, in the first free elections, the Bulgarian Socialist Party, the successor to the Communist Party, won an absolute majority in the new Parliament. Although there were trials against the people who supervised the forced labour camps, none of them were convicted. On the one hand, most of these people were no longer alive, some of them died during the trials, but they were not fully prosecuted because the official documents were mostly lost or destroyed. In other words, in the absence of official documents, it could be said that such camps never existed in Bulgaria. It is therefore difficult to come to terms with the past, based solely on the accounts of guards and prisoners. The documents have disappeared, there are no traces of old mass graves, and the survivors are slowly dying out. In Bulgaria, survivors feel that there is a lack of confrontation, that there is no institution to deal with the crimes of the communist period.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">And on the Belene Island, nature is slowly reclaiming what was once taken away. The eastern half of the island has been a protected area since 2000 and is home to many bird species. Four of the island's former large marshes are being revitalised; the dykes, built up from the inmates' blood sweat and tears, are being dismantled by conservationists to allow the Danube to reclaim its floodplain. This is why the Belene archipelago is now known as both "Bulgaria's Dachau" and the "Pearl of the Danube". </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Monographies, images and memories on Belene for further reading:</span></div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>https://beleneisland.org/history/?lang=en</li><li>https://www.businessinsider.com/my-visit-to-the-gulag-where-my-grandfather-was-tortured-2021-9</li><li>https://vagabond.bg/dark-tales-belene-3275</li><li>https://us4bg.org/news/belene-2019/</li><li>https://webcafe.bg/report/483133946-belene-syakash-nikoga-ne-e-bilo/gallery</li><li>https://belene.bg/en/tourism/belene-memorial-park/</li><li>Daniela Koleva: Belene: remembering the labour camp and the history of memory. 2012.</li><li>Lilia Topouzova: Reclaiming Memory: The History and Legacy of Concentration
Camps in Communist Bulgaria. 2015.</li></ul><p></p>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-80292392530302140192022-02-19T22:30:00.005+01:002022-02-21T12:51:37.431+01:00The lost Danubian park of Paks<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2022/02/paks-letunt-duna-partja.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>There are several bad examples form riverside settlements, just like qays in Budapest, on how to isolate the inhabitants of a municipality from the Danube with transport infrastructure. On a smaller scale, this has happened elsewhere in Hungarian rural towns. In Paks, this is still a sore point, despite the fact that the investment in question, the construction of Route 6, took place seventy years ago. </b></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDnISuiOPL_B3Pd_YmdzGeCRTAOur6H6ngyGysidef1L5_JoZFkEgdoik5mWd6cwwWHi7YpyrV4qH6g9W38YAopWa4VtiQNssGpl0cHRX2EXooxi1f6WRvOHOBYoFrC__r9vWTA5eJQLfDowtP0AbueVZ42bORMemmFul92mrpz4YuH2cZE8Q3ViX6uA=s5655" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3643" data-original-width="5655" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDnISuiOPL_B3Pd_YmdzGeCRTAOur6H6ngyGysidef1L5_JoZFkEgdoik5mWd6cwwWHi7YpyrV4qH6g9W38YAopWa4VtiQNssGpl0cHRX2EXooxi1f6WRvOHOBYoFrC__r9vWTA5eJQLfDowtP0AbueVZ42bORMemmFul92mrpz4YuH2cZE8Q3ViX6uA=w640-h412" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The opening ceremony at Paks, with the Soviet monument still standing on the left. <br />(Fortepan / UVATERV)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The above picture was taken sometime in late 1952, at the opening ceremony of the Paks section of Route 6. The exact date is uncertain and the event was not reported in the press of the time. The Tolnai Napló also only wrote on 2 November 1952 that "the workers of the Paks Concrete Road Construction Company collectively undertook to connect the Route 6 between Szekszárd and Budapest by 22 November, the time of the 3rd Hungarian Peace Congress." In fact, it is even possible that the pening ceremony was postponed to the following year. According to press reports, the entire route connecting Budapest with Pécs was opened in May 1953, and there were inauguration ceremonies in the villages concerned. The construction work did not go smoothly, with workers often absent without justification or arbitrarily leaving the roadworks, presumably because of the cruel and forced working conditions during the communist era. It was not only the road that was built, but also the ancillary facilities attached to it, such as bridges, overpasses and road crossings. These workers were locked up for months on end in education camps. According to local memories, the road reached Paks from the north, from Dunakömlőd, where the local section was completed in 1951.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;">Certain geographical conditions at Paks also made the road construction difficult. The Danube floodplain widens for several kilometres north of Paks towards Bölcske and south towards Fadd and Tolna. However, at Paks, the tilted loess blocks of the Mezőföld rise directly above the Danube, for example, at the Brickworks section, more than 60 metres above the zero level of the Danube, but also at the roman-age Lussonium fortress (later Bottyán fort) at Kömlőd, part of which was eroded laterally by the Danube. Paks owes its advantage over other settlements in the area mainly to its location directly on the Danube, which is free of flooding. At the same time, the steeply sloping edge of the Mezőföld and the erosion of the Imsós bend made transport along the Danube impossible. On older maps, the road to Kömlőd was marked on the loess plateau west of Malomhegy. The situation was improved by the </span><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2012/04/imsos.html" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">cutting of the Imsós bend</a><span style="text-align: center;"> in 1841, which deprived Kömlőd of its Danube bank, but at the same time deprived the Danube of a hairpin bend particularly suitable for the formation of ice dams. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The almost vertically sloping embankment and the huge cost of securing it was the reason why the Pusztaszabolcs-Paks railway line was not completed as originally planned as far as Tolna. The Paks terminus of the railway, which was opened in December 1896, was far north of the town centre, at the brickworks. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At that time, the major transport line of Paks was the Deák Ferenc Street-Szent István tér-Dózsa György út-Tolnai út, which passed through the city centre. This artery was moved to the Danube bank in 1952. Route 6 was built from the Rókus Chapel to Kölesdi út on a new route, with a significant section of the road being built directly alongside the Danube. The southern section of the new route also required the construction of an embankment, as it crossed a low-lying area (around the cannery) where maps a few hundred years ago had indicated a lake and marsh. Paks was thus separated from the Danube by an increasingly busy road, which also served as a flood protection embankment, and the new road meant that the Danube park, which is immortalised on countless postcards, had to be demolished. Once the main community space of the city, the Danube Park was created from the land of János Flórián. The rose garden with its pergolas and rose beds was later joined by a Japanese garden, and in 1898, the year Queen Elizabeth was assassinated, a chestnut grove was planted along the Danube. All this was lost in the road construction, and only the Elizabeth Promenade was saved. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1976 another investment made the connection of the village with the Danube more difficult. The construction of the nuclear power plant made it necessary to extend the railway line, abandoned in 1896, but only as far as the construction site. After 80 years, the construction of the railway resumed, parallel to Route 6 on the Danube side. The Pusztaszabolcs-Dunaújváros-Paks railway line also used to carry passengers, but the service has been closed since 2009.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In Paks, there is occasionally discussion of improving the city's connection to the Danube, but this is unlikely to happen without relocating the road and railway. We conclude this post with a look back at what life on the Danube was like in Paks before the road and railway were built, with its water park and boat mills. We use postcards from before 1945 and photos of Paks dated 1937 by János Kenedi from Fortepan. </div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH0j_P5rP93uhozeCuZmKvqOJU1EFZGrO4sDS_lQK17JROEPCHFUfmlsR8DxfnNyTs80iBXoDZ7p5nDAXdcfkdq9YG2tY5t7eMBAptqhUHfzEMxmRzTbIneWEkgAKhoGIdLQBSjViyqDR5ilbW90nfa9Eomr8ZzZa8A8cuNKsp2xyiyVVhftnwo1Lcnw/s994/17_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="994" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH0j_P5rP93uhozeCuZmKvqOJU1EFZGrO4sDS_lQK17JROEPCHFUfmlsR8DxfnNyTs80iBXoDZ7p5nDAXdcfkdq9YG2tY5t7eMBAptqhUHfzEMxmRzTbIneWEkgAKhoGIdLQBSjViyqDR5ilbW90nfa9Eomr8ZzZa8A8cuNKsp2xyiyVVhftnwo1Lcnw/w640-h378/17_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paks, Danubian park, demolished during the construction of Route 6.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfxoWw87K5JqJlEytP4Ir2Si7jcjywL2xVyg2g2nwq_PNUsPdJst1eCq4vkg-HsoVMQkOsbb_TCDbV3NpBENEzrxzzZDtFpskOrQFStA_o68F-q2NhBQr5HGAyVu0-weuORPqbnR8YzPay6hjbPxLiJsHek-vA037s9oDohNQJ9Qkv9pErm_FuaFjiiw/s1006/13_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1006" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfxoWw87K5JqJlEytP4Ir2Si7jcjywL2xVyg2g2nwq_PNUsPdJst1eCq4vkg-HsoVMQkOsbb_TCDbV3NpBENEzrxzzZDtFpskOrQFStA_o68F-q2NhBQr5HGAyVu0-weuORPqbnR8YzPay6hjbPxLiJsHek-vA037s9oDohNQJ9Qkv9pErm_FuaFjiiw/w640-h386/13_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Danubian panorama at Paks. In 1861 there were 56 boat mills in operation.</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprF1fMlWM4UkyosZLd3PMCCAtY-ph2ctmMxC_1x8v9FmAJDjaIF1Yen62geX-9VRP0CXdSDinsVmFi23co6JwkNN3KjwHuFs-6nTC0Hjj8UKPhSSilvOUVg4cGCwR0nHefRRGGdSvDL0kOHWriZVyBJv6X7PI7vY9yTHISkrH1GsbjaCAtKNbnEPzAQ/s926/2_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="926" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprF1fMlWM4UkyosZLd3PMCCAtY-ph2ctmMxC_1x8v9FmAJDjaIF1Yen62geX-9VRP0CXdSDinsVmFi23co6JwkNN3KjwHuFs-6nTC0Hjj8UKPhSSilvOUVg4cGCwR0nHefRRGGdSvDL0kOHWriZVyBJv6X7PI7vY9yTHISkrH1GsbjaCAtKNbnEPzAQ/w640-h392/2_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Haga Danube pool next to the chestnut grove.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv59ni4I2FNqUZqApQj5ZXkYREjhjsN52AMCldoDjkLfEM7-6O2VN4zopPnA07fVJHGiUz0rqBHIaRvSTmTe-IIuBYhKWHsTo-fpvQ9iVXNzqJbEyUHu8dsM3Mobztlm1V0R8rSBjj_gXr3aWhuvUuvRNreSmaVbRxP_mzcthAImTN0ldetCYbOOd2Qg/s919/6_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="919" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv59ni4I2FNqUZqApQj5ZXkYREjhjsN52AMCldoDjkLfEM7-6O2VN4zopPnA07fVJHGiUz0rqBHIaRvSTmTe-IIuBYhKWHsTo-fpvQ9iVXNzqJbEyUHu8dsM3Mobztlm1V0R8rSBjj_gXr3aWhuvUuvRNreSmaVbRxP_mzcthAImTN0ldetCYbOOd2Qg/w640-h380/6_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Danubian pool at Paks and seven boat mills.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4P0sVCd1iufffkMyMLfieO6fYVRpF0nkWDwWnBnBSrUb69qVFnaFfkHknlZ49x_2hx1UqxU71uHooXxPNSnknk63i4U8Vo6SsEULUL-7zUcHeIZ4GvmLEqraDgCxXWZboZQY3xGhmEFU4TJQmtaVeEL07f51Y1IEqQRd3Z0mGwUiq5dxRy3h132Csg/s929/15_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="929" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4P0sVCd1iufffkMyMLfieO6fYVRpF0nkWDwWnBnBSrUb69qVFnaFfkHknlZ49x_2hx1UqxU71uHooXxPNSnknk63i4U8Vo6SsEULUL-7zUcHeIZ4GvmLEqraDgCxXWZboZQY3xGhmEFU4TJQmtaVeEL07f51Y1IEqQRd3Z0mGwUiq5dxRy3h132Csg/w640-h392/15_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Full house in the pool.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYY8bQ97vZTLVBY5GEo0ySe-RhIWGtkEdTeYxuGGkJ9RFBcsjOset6xpR_EYeNpKeq-SO1hRnu8H2KGnHebvViCCOry3mrJXqqG4-PTRGFmT__gBkMeFn1wYcFby-PHCXOV8n7dYPZFOa4s-h7jWoPoC_f8Bgx_gaj2UQebrUa61ijufHELQgw7rufag/s936/3_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="936" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYY8bQ97vZTLVBY5GEo0ySe-RhIWGtkEdTeYxuGGkJ9RFBcsjOset6xpR_EYeNpKeq-SO1hRnu8H2KGnHebvViCCOry3mrJXqqG4-PTRGFmT__gBkMeFn1wYcFby-PHCXOV8n7dYPZFOa4s-h7jWoPoC_f8Bgx_gaj2UQebrUa61ijufHELQgw7rufag/w640-h396/3_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paks, ship station. The first steamboat arrived in Paks in 1846. <br />The scheduled passenger traffic ceased in 1964, after this time the Fishing cooperative used it.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt7DmJJeyu_s6NBESXyDRe-_c-UzSUCYenwfoXtyq9T2n55bIpVjiC0kIfHLwsysysKvg-fEk8SM6uGRopqzi1kA6Vi1C2o2wOf6Sfwe4AHPux2qEEElx1g1_S6KyQ9ej7q5wvgJ2Lg3GVOKUtb0VoUyACFbqoPuEIZcUAW7A-Sd-WAI1eMywBgYvlYA/s933/4_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="933" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt7DmJJeyu_s6NBESXyDRe-_c-UzSUCYenwfoXtyq9T2n55bIpVjiC0kIfHLwsysysKvg-fEk8SM6uGRopqzi1kA6Vi1C2o2wOf6Sfwe4AHPux2qEEElx1g1_S6KyQ9ej7q5wvgJ2Lg3GVOKUtb0VoUyACFbqoPuEIZcUAW7A-Sd-WAI1eMywBgYvlYA/w640-h402/4_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paks, Danubian detail</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQqCa5B7OymlDS2Rvja1oa8y-Gw17ge-ISYNjF7RuFZvpJtBR9qmE5aDyOOajcGaA3-wVkE5xH92JrW-m7xYCZ7CYnl3BT_kqRnOt8hHO-JTcRHiNvTcNUXWmIS_GPgw_G1dwq4NwwLgpTDmIDVYyJ7BHVYEJdPAK5z9nBPosFmGc0qPvvl2Kj12q6g/s888/5_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="888" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQqCa5B7OymlDS2Rvja1oa8y-Gw17ge-ISYNjF7RuFZvpJtBR9qmE5aDyOOajcGaA3-wVkE5xH92JrW-m7xYCZ7CYnl3BT_kqRnOt8hHO-JTcRHiNvTcNUXWmIS_GPgw_G1dwq4NwwLgpTDmIDVYyJ7BHVYEJdPAK5z9nBPosFmGc0qPvvl2Kj12q6g/w640-h408/5_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boat mills of Paks</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxfa2bi8wAPqBH_UTQR3vJf7fUJcEFHnjVlxdb7DavHX_fdrCZ61cyMGVdX-rju_eMWdoEBHBbBVA3lyfCtRlGlJXYN_MNpH8XwS7yr0bq-91xUNHmhb2SDmOmrx6IZ798C-U-0R4cSCC_mZu3Jo_ilE7nYCE0gtcyhYng1ZlygZtXL55xB4Zqyz2LiQ/s915/7_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="915" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxfa2bi8wAPqBH_UTQR3vJf7fUJcEFHnjVlxdb7DavHX_fdrCZ61cyMGVdX-rju_eMWdoEBHBbBVA3lyfCtRlGlJXYN_MNpH8XwS7yr0bq-91xUNHmhb2SDmOmrx6IZ798C-U-0R4cSCC_mZu3Jo_ilE7nYCE0gtcyhYng1ZlygZtXL55xB4Zqyz2LiQ/w640-h380/7_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The ship station.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPyHmiGhpy52BqCEzPr3abC49zZ_8oeJVGm4l7jxPh0lNlIqKZN5T9PcqDmC3W_5wzTeQ_xCoHRDX1X2wPs13NlT0P1BgG443_nLsqPqG8Ox5k1Ev4h3rAs5t6D9fww5cFvYgkhkMlSEjXxhpdIPHnOlogf4X_nvrr_tbeXWiV5LB8UyT5wXgb6llVYw/s998/8_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="998" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPyHmiGhpy52BqCEzPr3abC49zZ_8oeJVGm4l7jxPh0lNlIqKZN5T9PcqDmC3W_5wzTeQ_xCoHRDX1X2wPs13NlT0P1BgG443_nLsqPqG8Ox5k1Ev4h3rAs5t6D9fww5cFvYgkhkMlSEjXxhpdIPHnOlogf4X_nvrr_tbeXWiV5LB8UyT5wXgb6llVYw/w640-h384/8_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The ship station from the different angle, whith the chesnut promenade.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3GmsQxEzI5_m9vj4HwHcuC48gcEE35f0J5hCf9fX3BSdPIWkCBCra9mQGtLiWn8mAZjrCjoggpzX57RHtLsNkTkY9oCvhidVefbtU4NYI0y4lVBoh0olWbQCbm7T_rZeehX9EMnTG9XbX0pn_R3W2ZWE4bm08Dnh5MKtHMfs5HbrlkKxo3Xi-Iiq8DA/s933/1_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="933" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3GmsQxEzI5_m9vj4HwHcuC48gcEE35f0J5hCf9fX3BSdPIWkCBCra9mQGtLiWn8mAZjrCjoggpzX57RHtLsNkTkY9oCvhidVefbtU4NYI0y4lVBoh0olWbQCbm7T_rZeehX9EMnTG9XbX0pn_R3W2ZWE4bm08Dnh5MKtHMfs5HbrlkKxo3Xi-Iiq8DA/w640-h402/1_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The chestnut alley planted in memory of Queen Elizabeth. <br />This is all that remains of the Danube Park today.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeAToOOH4XbiwQIUNAma2erkjbexUvCBeFZ1ANh0RgZZP4ZWSQMEcvDlmj25sW5y-1n2Y9DTpieyHhT2_SGzFQdyfZ5GqROqX_rJTbUr9MPX2Wby0maCmY0JeqrsOxrfhq9KRVS9Kb2L2Hu8s0L-mjSvQ9PEKEdOT6KBNqjrElyjuXrgenvQDXzyeXGw/s942/10_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="942" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeAToOOH4XbiwQIUNAma2erkjbexUvCBeFZ1ANh0RgZZP4ZWSQMEcvDlmj25sW5y-1n2Y9DTpieyHhT2_SGzFQdyfZ5GqROqX_rJTbUr9MPX2Wby0maCmY0JeqrsOxrfhq9KRVS9Kb2L2Hu8s0L-mjSvQ9PEKEdOT6KBNqjrElyjuXrgenvQDXzyeXGw/w640-h398/10_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The trees of the Elizabeth alley.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH6io5tK_0jBs_hyZTP3aoEd90pKV99eA7tbepSkjbgR_EWIdos6A5UWL_CNge3bp4WWnCDGQl-UJtwaArfPqT-puCtS-2I_KysuXLEvgQOo4bMwnVXfAG8w6s95TDpyAz-PYSMQ4ScOa2F62lSf1Zm3TD2mkA6KGL1TYAvtslRJv96eVMHRP5D1geww/s916/11_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="916" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH6io5tK_0jBs_hyZTP3aoEd90pKV99eA7tbepSkjbgR_EWIdos6A5UWL_CNge3bp4WWnCDGQl-UJtwaArfPqT-puCtS-2I_KysuXLEvgQOo4bMwnVXfAG8w6s95TDpyAz-PYSMQ4ScOa2F62lSf1Zm3TD2mkA6KGL1TYAvtslRJv96eVMHRP5D1geww/w640-h392/11_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Steamboat on the Danube at Paks.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGC8ObmlS5M0iZ6LC3M_HL54aYtJUs4XpB1BB7wK8FelU5f3KobBfmrwAiqv1JxydWzL7S0RBufmi2B2u0gC36ZBnsfdvPegJieWNtBRuVoNfponKvtXTnWRl9I2fSn7uonSf09qGYgIFM_ZBIChCnOsP08zNR29EAHKqzprXO_xKFopqcD2pvrHoYA/s936/16_paks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="936" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGC8ObmlS5M0iZ6LC3M_HL54aYtJUs4XpB1BB7wK8FelU5f3KobBfmrwAiqv1JxydWzL7S0RBufmi2B2u0gC36ZBnsfdvPegJieWNtBRuVoNfponKvtXTnWRl9I2fSn7uonSf09qGYgIFM_ZBIChCnOsP08zNR29EAHKqzprXO_xKFopqcD2pvrHoYA/w640-h410/16_paks.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The ship station with the chesnut alley.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJFH-4o2nNZ-KK3KScTrG3Kq5hKgpRaaNODWQ5QUzeeoIQysNNHGUbbPKZLMSXV2Aqss36QzNb4VU4YfM3G623uHPbjnwh0ivwbUFhMX8ycei7mJDLTy_qch2ousI7uoms6Ywm8O2pxebU3L8eR--eXws3Thl8SQlIeFeXWtmNlzl2h2DOUIxjxkNy0A=s5986" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3994" data-original-width="5986" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJFH-4o2nNZ-KK3KScTrG3Kq5hKgpRaaNODWQ5QUzeeoIQysNNHGUbbPKZLMSXV2Aqss36QzNb4VU4YfM3G623uHPbjnwh0ivwbUFhMX8ycei7mJDLTy_qch2ousI7uoms6Ywm8O2pxebU3L8eR--eXws3Thl8SQlIeFeXWtmNlzl2h2DOUIxjxkNy0A=w640-h428" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Twilight of the boat mills. (Fortepan / Kenedi János)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgP9SZhyCoYJ71jJ4QHszQUfcVGvh2AJVZ5Xwbx0IoYbXiQdRRBMqDJMP90yJ91eT_1LWHjf_7y1vqG4kbKczx52npMZ17_id56Diop2sowAsHaHogG0ok4y9eecttKGjfJUoYDSi5wqhkoT2xv8AHYKqS9qKY84EsgCLRBeOWl6soBzB0mhOTQiyv7cw=s5995" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4011" data-original-width="5995" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgP9SZhyCoYJ71jJ4QHszQUfcVGvh2AJVZ5Xwbx0IoYbXiQdRRBMqDJMP90yJ91eT_1LWHjf_7y1vqG4kbKczx52npMZ17_id56Diop2sowAsHaHogG0ok4y9eecttKGjfJUoYDSi5wqhkoT2xv8AHYKqS9qKY84EsgCLRBeOWl6soBzB0mhOTQiyv7cw=w640-h428" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">River crossing. (Fortepan / Kenedi János)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEoZbAgUkI_YEogpduI2CzHFx7232qsrjFWjL0kY8ol0hvLVXdZinSiPvYVzKyjDyXOHyO1hwhNFP9ogAVmQzn6aRmLyqvOtXN7Bn4EcQ04A3f2M8T9S0L7CemO00NX6JGaHtKoKJ7slYhrpxu1kLAYagn29OnXKbGl36mOlejWEvM_oOrdh8vKVDCJg=s6048" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4011" data-original-width="6048" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEoZbAgUkI_YEogpduI2CzHFx7232qsrjFWjL0kY8ol0hvLVXdZinSiPvYVzKyjDyXOHyO1hwhNFP9ogAVmQzn6aRmLyqvOtXN7Bn4EcQ04A3f2M8T9S0L7CemO00NX6JGaHtKoKJ7slYhrpxu1kLAYagn29OnXKbGl36mOlejWEvM_oOrdh8vKVDCJg=w640-h424" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Women washing linen at the ship station. (Fortepan / Kenedi János)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCO_Bm6HWQn0lIUazcLv95oepqlSGDY7t5DySqpevxPiisq_cYQN9E-dHCjgH3lmnKU5cLfSIgMelbqQS2V4yd2Px-YmAcOcbSwlzHGAxkuBO13771P5K12XF294rZJR3mMN5ObpRqASeqCj4PkEI25HVSWRH91vJekKrcpnkT1uFEamgdP8uIYMsApQ=s6048" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3989" data-original-width="6048" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCO_Bm6HWQn0lIUazcLv95oepqlSGDY7t5DySqpevxPiisq_cYQN9E-dHCjgH3lmnKU5cLfSIgMelbqQS2V4yd2Px-YmAcOcbSwlzHGAxkuBO13771P5K12XF294rZJR3mMN5ObpRqASeqCj4PkEI25HVSWRH91vJekKrcpnkT1uFEamgdP8uIYMsApQ=w640-h422" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">On the bank of the great river. (Fortepan / Kenedi János)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNfGyo2iwcGi8DTqfn4NgYfHXjNCivItRU3k3-ndWRHgeEHeITHzqH8NH2FcC6uuzOiipKihW2Y9pWWi3giE36Gw3MEgoi6yVgWHCAdTxMelFKGCvt1RN7Y7fuc8MhqXt24_KPcOI_KK1uqZL-2u8ugD_ABC1ZpleDs72JyYIY3fRWqgjeubF8-ARKgA=s5991" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3976" data-original-width="5991" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNfGyo2iwcGi8DTqfn4NgYfHXjNCivItRU3k3-ndWRHgeEHeITHzqH8NH2FcC6uuzOiipKihW2Y9pWWi3giE36Gw3MEgoi6yVgWHCAdTxMelFKGCvt1RN7Y7fuc8MhqXt24_KPcOI_KK1uqZL-2u8ugD_ABC1ZpleDs72JyYIY3fRWqgjeubF8-ARKgA=w640-h424" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Drying fishnets. (Fortepan / Kenedi János)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnQYNae9ug3l2lAGjSSoPdzLVzrISp0UtBkcuzcMWgImBxzDmIS4cgTcYwbBVRX4tIj3LQyXAo4hiTZX8SHLJo6EReaHXOwbE4cfKhfYiMUAxxEzAQFOE4-ZKSSUIXAskyV1gt30hqQhRzyNnQLrUzhMS7YxdysEpOQOGq1wkUAiD7pFQipzKZzXLDng=s5960" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4007" data-original-width="5960" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnQYNae9ug3l2lAGjSSoPdzLVzrISp0UtBkcuzcMWgImBxzDmIS4cgTcYwbBVRX4tIj3LQyXAo4hiTZX8SHLJo6EReaHXOwbE4cfKhfYiMUAxxEzAQFOE4-ZKSSUIXAskyV1gt30hqQhRzyNnQLrUzhMS7YxdysEpOQOGq1wkUAiD7pFQipzKZzXLDng=w640-h430" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Waiting. (Fortepan / Kenedi János)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-44177934700390975262022-01-12T12:14:00.000+01:002022-01-12T12:14:58.259+01:00In the traces of Saint Sigismund<div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;">On the left bank of the Danube,</b><span style="text-align: left;"><b> between Kismaros and Nagymaros, generations of islands hide underneath the flat landscape. There is a </b></span><b style="text-align: left;">mysterious building o</b><b style="text-align: left;">n one of these island generations, according to an 18th-century map, which may be linked to the monastery of St Sigismund, previously thought to be on the opposite river bank, on the Szentendre Island. </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;">Text and images by: </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>Illés </b></span><b style="text-align: left;">Horváth</b><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;">(Center for Ecclesiastical Studies at the University of Pécs) </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>and his team. </b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2022/01/szent-zsigmond-nyomaban-nagymaroson.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-hOhbl6agDhvVZgB4QVxthnLU2WJIR_B3hlOWUxGo8M-1iPbcIAZWRfwLw_25Kp-Wqqa8j9A_KXrN3Ep3xfVikQ1KyCpYOOd9spOc_NuSri2hyjDtX1wlfTJFloEi3BSLl3VEgYzGNsozm_UlCjE854Z_sJJkp2JBlZdYzehraZNDwaF5uEKlK3lnig=s2048" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-hOhbl6agDhvVZgB4QVxthnLU2WJIR_B3hlOWUxGo8M-1iPbcIAZWRfwLw_25Kp-Wqqa8j9A_KXrN3Ep3xfVikQ1KyCpYOOd9spOc_NuSri2hyjDtX1wlfTJFloEi3BSLl3VEgYzGNsozm_UlCjE854Z_sJJkp2JBlZdYzehraZNDwaF5uEKlK3lnig=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View to the east, the Kismarosi and the Duna-réti Islands</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjejhj6JI3vEAs6IgqI0VlZhJp5u-oSv-FNZPxrBw8-Yg9DiNlw2Pmk9nGzyNJlxe5X7rkmZOPW9EG9XY_6Ew87jK2ekNeiZoqW9PBo-Lx989BPMI3WiclKoRFx5GuGWSUikAG1PaOcLQz2Vi3N4lm3EuLkQHp5XVcfxiVNPDAikO8wHtO_dkGMFQKiWQ=s2048" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjejhj6JI3vEAs6IgqI0VlZhJp5u-oSv-FNZPxrBw8-Yg9DiNlw2Pmk9nGzyNJlxe5X7rkmZOPW9EG9XY_6Ew87jK2ekNeiZoqW9PBo-Lx989BPMI3WiclKoRFx5GuGWSUikAG1PaOcLQz2Vi3N4lm3EuLkQHp5XVcfxiVNPDAikO8wHtO_dkGMFQKiWQ=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/08/a-leggyorsabb-szigetkepzodes-dunan.html" target="_blank">The fastest emergence of Danubian islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwQxpYwYMCu0sMmnQeOBjMaXKylPW0ZWasVwQfXnJFrnDizTjPtg8FZ6HukdyINHedxqVTFDmH0duuAMW89vCW5aLippfMMCc3Kb4LLQxYhCxRRhi9DKeT891ynapRXn64DA3htOQmuHOFBleHolD5mU--GZjkmMjgeeRXshWRbrKV2aE2uS_HRJsmkA=s2048" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwQxpYwYMCu0sMmnQeOBjMaXKylPW0ZWasVwQfXnJFrnDizTjPtg8FZ6HukdyINHedxqVTFDmH0duuAMW89vCW5aLippfMMCc3Kb4LLQxYhCxRRhi9DKeT891ynapRXn64DA3htOQmuHOFBleHolD5mU--GZjkmMjgeeRXshWRbrKV2aE2uS_HRJsmkA=w640-h480" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The site of archaeological interest nearby the Hatló creek.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwgK-fBDIxacNl84b9wzLoTvAkAkd6HQpMNc_kXUq0tcLJSjKAueQ4QQASxbvR_q0zXwqjxOpt49teqYQyp7qTmiNX949gJohvkEieY_pLor5ETlhAGNgwEmMe1FaGTFJXOKACdmeHCIgtF_AEgJKYk8qfpUSpeqtPz-8ISxtD1LAwrQYZkG_gjMVgeQ=s2048" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwgK-fBDIxacNl84b9wzLoTvAkAkd6HQpMNc_kXUq0tcLJSjKAueQ4QQASxbvR_q0zXwqjxOpt49teqYQyp7qTmiNX949gJohvkEieY_pLor5ETlhAGNgwEmMe1FaGTFJXOKACdmeHCIgtF_AEgJKYk8qfpUSpeqtPz-8ISxtD1LAwrQYZkG_gjMVgeQ=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View to the west with the Visegrád citadel</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span>Although aerial images of the Danube bend itself, and the young archipelago on the border of Nagymaros and Kismaros, are not rare, it is worth saying a few words about the reason for the pictures; archaeological research. The focus of our research is the monastery of the </span>Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit<span>, founded by the Hungarian king, Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387-1437) sometime between 1414 and 1433, and consecrated in honor of the dynastic saint of the monarch, St. Sigismund. This monastery was previously thought to be on the opposite side of the Danube, the island of Szentendre, on the outskirts of Kisoroszi. However, according to the sources, the monastery stood on the 'island of the islands' between Nagymaros and Verőce in the diocese of Vác and functioned as a branch of the Toronyalja monastery until 1453. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><blockquote><span style="color: #444444;">"At the same time, the king told a very complicated story about the island-island (Insulam Insulatos) in the territory of the Bishopric of Vác, in the former Kingdom of Hungary, near the Danube river (flumen Danubii propter), in a deserted place (ibidem existente loco deserto) between Maros (villem regalem Marus) and Verőce (villam dicti Voachiensis episcopi Voarenzae), he erected a chapel in honour of St Sigismund (capella constructam sub vocabulo Sancti Sigismundi in Regno Ungariae). And he entrusted the church to the Paulines, so that under the supervision of the soldiers of Christ, the devotion to God would be even more fervent."</span></blockquote></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">In the course of our latest research, the area of the Waterworks within the administrative boundary of Nagymaros has also come under the spotlight, as the location of this area fits perfectly with the description of the monastery's location in the description of the "Henrik copia"; the aforementioned island-island, as it is known from the documentary and modern cartographic sources that the area around the island on the Danube was divided into several small islands in the 15th century. This situation may also have been valid in the 17th and 18th centuries. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhkWWs-_IJe0vSCJCQbgnmr0E9VbHyFlsk8yDkxsMaAtDmymfDJzy2CfuRxWQUvlzEtYzhprdO1vxoOfzfkxZWGbooDZln6x36Ic_-yG7Zx8tHZalxDyqv_uc-oSi-A3pMoBk1bCuT9qsAltS5pT_F5VqGe1pJEcILkhl268AwE4ojIStdrmWjob9cylg=s693" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="693" height="485" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhkWWs-_IJe0vSCJCQbgnmr0E9VbHyFlsk8yDkxsMaAtDmymfDJzy2CfuRxWQUvlzEtYzhprdO1vxoOfzfkxZWGbooDZln6x36Ic_-yG7Zx8tHZalxDyqv_uc-oSi-A3pMoBk1bCuT9qsAltS5pT_F5VqGe1pJEcILkhl268AwE4ojIStdrmWjob9cylg=w640-h485" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Michael Karpe: Visegrad dominii - Nagymaros, the Hatló creek in red (<a href="https://maps.hungaricana.hu/hu/MOLTerkeptar/1646/view/?pg=7&bbox=-117%2C-6695%2C4953%2C-4289" target="_blank">source</a>) </span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">The map of the Visegrad dominium shows how the Hatlo creek and its tributaries divided the Waterworks area into a further separate island within the island. Quite close to the river bank was a medieval building, as yet unidentified, not even recorded in archaeological topography, which disappeared without trace by the mid-18th century. During our research, we attempted to locate the building by means of aerial photography and personal fieldwork. The remains of the building were demolished after the Ottoman expulsion of the Turks, when the settlement of the area between Nagymaros and Verőce began. The island was filled in. In the middle of the 19th century, the area was divided up and separate narrow parcels of land were created for cultivation. The fact that most of the building was plowed up during this cultivation makes research very difficult. At the same time, during the construction of the waterworks in the 20th century, a large part of the site was filled with gravel sand. In addition, flooding has also significantly altered the morphology. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBIkkAZg8A_QB5D--9Ior1QPgpVtlj4Eu8uR9KJ6z86yiChDQoJYb7OuusqaFNr8dVNPG0A0aBsbYZoYIHTqfP74eawgmy5QM3UP4owMXxb9BY-mL-ebcVmSRhr85MY9jK_fe_9PSrTEzPIpRy_msyOT7ETxA5u8Q362gg4TdF21rsgtCiY6oKJe1pKg=s1315" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="915" data-original-width="1315" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBIkkAZg8A_QB5D--9Ior1QPgpVtlj4Eu8uR9KJ6z86yiChDQoJYb7OuusqaFNr8dVNPG0A0aBsbYZoYIHTqfP74eawgmy5QM3UP4owMXxb9BY-mL-ebcVmSRhr85MY9jK_fe_9PSrTEzPIpRy_msyOT7ETxA5u8Q362gg4TdF21rsgtCiY6oKJe1pKg=w640-h446" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old property boundaries. Lidar image overlay on cadastral map (image by: Illés Horváth)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Although there was significant flooding overall, the survey images show that although a significant amount of water has passed through the area, the 150 years-old cultivation marks have retained their boundaries very well. As for the building on the 18th-century map, although it is now plowed up, its footprints can be seen to some extent next to the reservoir. Although not in this grassy and uncultivated area, in its wider surroundings a number of fragmented remains of exposed glazed pottery and roof tiles have been found, thanks to the so-called 'diggings' of wild animals.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;">Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)</span></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-56564651312651690182022-01-08T09:30:00.005+01:002022-01-08T09:31:03.111+01:00Danubian islands by Abraham Ortelius<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2022/01/aquincum-helyrajzi-problemaja-ortelius.html" target="_blank">MAGYARUL</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>What is Aquincum doing on an island in the Danube on a 16th century map by Abraham Ortelius? Does this map depict a real geographical situation? Which island is it, anyway? How can an island be clearly identified in the absence of an inscription from half a thousand years away? In our journey through the history of cartography, we seek to answer these questions.</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgUwBBUkPuyYWh9G7-EXRYVEa648k8zwd4kkaouFaxJt6qprgIHy-JwWOe8ET-gjwQ1RZdGWn0QJw8RoGu0vPuuVH0gXQX9Bk82HRVwiLrZVDkqHxqKCJjTa7WAqXJgH3ljrqCiDro6LRPPV3Ioa77ElBAXjk2cWGWCBVciBMgbKlIQVctgqGuvQ7JOQA=s977" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="977" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgUwBBUkPuyYWh9G7-EXRYVEa648k8zwd4kkaouFaxJt6qprgIHy-JwWOe8ET-gjwQ1RZdGWn0QJw8RoGu0vPuuVH0gXQX9Bk82HRVwiLrZVDkqHxqKCJjTa7WAqXJgH3ljrqCiDro6LRPPV3Ioa77ElBAXjk2cWGWCBVciBMgbKlIQVctgqGuvQ7JOQA=w640-h376" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aquincum on the upper tip of a Danubian island. Ortelius 1595. (<a href="https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/67346/pannoniae-et-illyrici-veteris-tabula-ortelius" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Abraham Ortelius was a Brabantian cartographer, cosmographer and geographer from Antwerp, where he was born in 1527 and died 71 years later. He was a cartographer from the age of 20 and is credited with the first modern geographical atlas, the <i>Theatrum Orbis Terranum</i> (1570). This atlas was a novelty because it depicted the whole world, in contrast to the practice of the time, when atlases were compiled from selected maps (the Lafreri atlases). He is also credited as a pioneer in historical geography, as towards the end of his life he produced maps on ancient themes to illustrate historical works and helped with the 1598 edition of Marcus Welser's <i>Tabula Peutingeriana</i>. The Tabula is the only surviving record of the ancient Roman road network, showing the settlements and the distances between them. In total, 555 Roman settlements are listed, including Aquincum, together with 3,500 other inscriptions. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">The age of Ortelius, the Renaissance, marked a return to the classical ancient Greco-Roman tradition. Humanist scholars rediscovered ancient philosophers, sources and buildings. The translation of Greek and Latin works began, and their wider dissemination was later greatly facilitated by the invention of the printing press. This revival of interest led to the need for cartographers to depict not only the present but also the past. Ortelius published a map of the routes of the province of Gallia Belgica in 1584, followed in 1590 by an old map of the provinces of Pannonia and Illyria. It depicts an island in the Danube and the geographical name Aquincum. The <i>Pannoniae et Illyrici Veteris Tabula</i> is known in several editions, which may differ in colouring or inscriptions.</div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9_O7GCgQSuBVcDzlhf1VEtaIOhOlgqee9r7OVeatHyEadZL11Z1BNlff2oUdjEgcKIJMcsvJQyvs0vpqlFJH6KZ8h0gFknxp4kGeIyx4dbRQ3jf8kt6e-ouemHQKQPNYnD8SZWPxGbvqz4tzx7jB4pJ3ZsQMm6wlTVn1Cj7r0BM__Ls41Rtnpu8q3dQ=s1825" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="919" data-original-width="1825" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9_O7GCgQSuBVcDzlhf1VEtaIOhOlgqee9r7OVeatHyEadZL11Z1BNlff2oUdjEgcKIJMcsvJQyvs0vpqlFJH6KZ8h0gFknxp4kGeIyx4dbRQ3jf8kt6e-ouemHQKQPNYnD8SZWPxGbvqz4tzx7jB4pJ3ZsQMm6wlTVn1Cj7r0BM__Ls41Rtnpu8q3dQ=w640-h322" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abraham Ortelius: Pannoniae et Illyrici Veteris Tabula. (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/ Map_of_Pannonia_and_Illyria_by_Abraham_Ortelius.jpeg" target="_blank">source</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">To the modern observer, there are many oddities on the map, but that is because humanity has become much smarter in the last half a millennium about understanding the past. Ortelius' map shows several settlements in wrong locations; Sopianae (Pécs) between the Drava and the Sava, Sabaria (Szombathely) on the banks of the Rába, and Valcum (Fenékpuszta) south of Lake Balaton, close to the Drava. It also includes several names of settlements which, as far as we know today, did not exist or are unknown (e.g. Lacus felix). It is not known whether Ortelius happened to visit in the Transdanubian region. Given the distance from Antwerp and the parts of the Hungarian Kingdom under Turkish rule, this would not have been an easy field trip. It is important to note that there were no systematic and professional archaeological excavations at this time, unless it was a question of excavating Roman ruins for building material for castles. In their absence, it is more than likely that Ortelius could only have relied only on ancient sources and the <i>Tabula Peutingeriana</i> for his map. By comparison, it is a very well done work. </div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjozSNs4XI8BhA0FS2yRrFbMSDECW5YiRJjm9Ce5hkUgPdkb7YbhmYLmhTo7c5wL8yK7nl5yH_SPVyQ3ZAuK7GCyrRnjgQbfY88Gxoq0fccwu0mm6zkDu23jTx8CSrAzZAC5PXsKj2432EnyuS2BqU6L3516KdqwmsCZ5nkmSNJMX-qSsk0wkdsfGOkQQ=s1252" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1252" height="433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjozSNs4XI8BhA0FS2yRrFbMSDECW5YiRJjm9Ce5hkUgPdkb7YbhmYLmhTo7c5wL8yK7nl5yH_SPVyQ3ZAuK7GCyrRnjgQbfY88Gxoq0fccwu0mm6zkDu23jTx8CSrAzZAC5PXsKj2432EnyuS2BqU6L3516KdqwmsCZ5nkmSNJMX-qSsk0wkdsfGOkQQ=w640-h433" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abraham Ortelius: Pannoniae et Illyrici Veteris Tabula 1608. Georeferenced (<a href="https://davidrumsey.georeferencer.com/maps/958432784453/" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">In the Budapest area, most of the Roman geographical names of Ortelius can be well identified; Salva maniso is Esztergom, Ulcisia Castra is Szentendre, Aquincum is Óbuda, Salinae is Adony. There are two islands in the Danube, the larger of which is the island of Aquincum, at least according to Ortelius. If we were to identify the islands on the basis of this map, we would be in big trouble, because we now know that the city of Aquincum was not built on an island, the Roman-age built-up area extending westwards beyond the Bécsi street to the foot of the mountains. Identification is also difficult because it does not show the characteristic curve of the Danube Bend, but that does not mean, for example, that the Danube Bend did not exist 500 years ago. We see an island near Esztergom-Salva, which, according to the map, could be Helemba Island or the lost island of Lázár deák. Another question is whether Ortelius was projecting the river's course back to Roman times, or whether he was using the late 16th century's hydrology as a basis. If the second version is true, we have no choice but to look at other maps of the Hungarian Kingdom of the period, of which we fortunately have a good number.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;">Here is Giacomo Gastaldi, a Venetian map publisher who was a contemporary of Ortelius. He published a map of Hungary as early as 1546, probably based on Hungary's first map, the 1528 Lazarus map [1]. The image below is from a series of maps of south-eastern Europe from 1560. The detail also shows the area around Buda and Pest, but in a completely different light. The names of the settlements are familiar, the layout is broadly correct, and Ortelius' islands are given a new meaning. Opposite Vác is the Szentendrei Island, and the island between Buda and Pentele (Dunaújváros) is the Csepel Island. After all, it is written on it. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjJpYU608HDN8oCyayqnJ-emKg0oGP3SuHmeiW1O5jDNWhQ0a-extkspIwQwtatXoQoCsfOzUZ69tHRd_k0962EFsCHjA75x4q2DoEKQizb-zm3gvgBOasJxrtCOHbL0Qvfuj3PPSVj3VgqS3L1aCw4vJQsMR_KLK2GyLuFT7bfVcJNDSLgD57waIaMyQ=s699" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="699" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjJpYU608HDN8oCyayqnJ-emKg0oGP3SuHmeiW1O5jDNWhQ0a-extkspIwQwtatXoQoCsfOzUZ69tHRd_k0962EFsCHjA75x4q2DoEKQizb-zm3gvgBOasJxrtCOHbL0Qvfuj3PPSVj3VgqS3L1aCw4vJQsMR_KLK2GyLuFT7bfVcJNDSLgD57waIaMyQ=w640-h568" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The predecessor: Giacomo Gastaldi's map from 1560. (<a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7200298s/f1.item.zoom#" target="_blank">source</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;">Ortelius was familiar with Gastaldi's work [2] and probably also with his map on south-eastern Europe [3], the latter being the basis for his historical map on ancient Roman themes. By comparing the two maps, it is possible to see how much Ortelius erred between the real and the depicted position of the settlements. However, the error in their relative positions is not so significant. Ortelius drew Aquincum on the island of Csepel, and precisely on the site of the settlement of Csepel, but at least on the northern part of the island, which is ten to eleven kilometres from its present position. Aquincum, which was shifted to the south, was followed by Ulcisia Castra, i.e. Szentendre also 'slid' down to the vicinity of Ráckeresztúr. And slides Esztergom-Solva to Szentendre, and Pilismarót-Herculia to the location of Buda. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is important to note that at that time Aquincum literally existed only on paper, the ruins of the legionary camp along the Danube or the palace of the governor Hadrian were known, but the geographical name Aquincum was not yet attached to it. After the destruction of the Roman settlement, the name of Aquincum was lost in oblivion, and scientific identification based on archaeological excavation had to wait another two centuries.</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_AlbCQv97LzAJAXa7CznQ8otN0M7IfSFIdMYk8wzYeyn6gPJ87WdZVXNh8I2uHsgO0fEEi8FRErAuDh9VKdu0BQvKpXvMqzzoJPrw-J-Vr6svStLZhfb_DilmxfpoCLwRqZyx3QNPKog0MAWCHilvi-TAVQaBN-vdjzU4CGY42uY1f7EooirQjPVn-A=s481" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="481" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_AlbCQv97LzAJAXa7CznQ8otN0M7IfSFIdMYk8wzYeyn6gPJ87WdZVXNh8I2uHsgO0fEEi8FRErAuDh9VKdu0BQvKpXvMqzzoJPrw-J-Vr6svStLZhfb_DilmxfpoCLwRqZyx3QNPKog0MAWCHilvi-TAVQaBN-vdjzU4CGY42uY1f7EooirQjPVn-A=s16000" /></a><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of the Hungarian Kindom by Wolfgang Lazius, 1575. (<a href="https://maps.hungaricana.hu/hu/HTITerkeptar/366/" target="_blank">source</a>) <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Finally, if you browse other map pages from the 16th century, you will see much the same geography. Wolfgang Lazius, a Viennese physician, dated his first map of Hungary (Regni Hungariae Descriptio Vera) to the coronation of Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor (1556). Later, in 1575, Lazius published a modified map of Hungary showing the grey cattle of Cumania (see above). In this map the islands of the Danube are in a similar position, although the nomenclature is more abundant than on Gastaldi's map. This may be because Lazius and his assistants carried out specific research work in Hungary, and even tried to give Hungarian names to settlements even when the population was for example German [4]. On this map, the island of Vizze is shown next to Szentendrei Island, and Szent Margit Island is opposite Óbuda, while the identification of the larger island of Csepel is not in doubt because of the names of the settlements on it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div>Wolfgang Lazius was also a contemporary of Ortelius, so it is not surprising that the 1575 Lazius map of Hungary was published by Ortelius in Antwerp. A version of Lazius' map was included in the <i>Theatrum Orbis Terranum</i> atlas, so that for a long time the educated Europe could get to know Hungary through Lazius' 'eyes'.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)</div><p><br /></p><p>Sources: </p><p><span style="text-align: justify;"><b>[1]</b> </span>https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/pannon-pannon-enciklopedia-1/a-magyarsag-kezikonyve-2/a-tudomany-szazadai-9C8/a-terkepeszet-mesterei-A63/az-elso-magyarorszag-terkep-A6B/</p><p><b>[2]</b> https://sanderusmaps.com/our-catalogue/antique-maps/europe/southeastern-europe/old-antique-map-of-pannonia-illyricum-dalmatia-by-ortelius-a-2027</p><p><b>[3]</b> https://www.oldworldauctions.com/catalog/lot/126/604</p><p><b>[4] </b>https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/pannon-pannon-enciklopedia-1/a-magyarsag-kezikonyve-2/a-tudomany-szazadai-9C8/a-terkepeszet-mesterei-A63/az-elso-magyarorszag-terkep-A6B/</p>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-2921413644430602822021-12-16T09:30:00.006+01:002021-12-16T21:41:11.460+01:00Insula ”Goală” în umbra Porților de Fier<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/2021/11/naked-island-in-shadow-of-iron-gates.html" target="_blank">IN ENGLISH</a></b></p><p style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/11/csupasz-sziget-vaskapu-arnyekaban.html" target="_blank"><b>MAGYARUL</b></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Construcția hidrocentralei Porțile de Fier 1 a schimbat temeinic peisajul, nu numai in amonte ci și în aval, pe Dunăre. Schimbările survenite în amonte sunt o temă mai frecvent abordată, în primul rând datorită insulei Ada Kaleh și a Orșovei, în timp ce schimbările din aval de hidrocentrală primesc atenție considerabil mai puțină. Aici, cel mai cunoscut subiect, este cel legat de insula Șimian, unde s-a încercat mutarea monumentelor și a populației de pe Ada Kaleh. Eșecul reînrădăcinării, de pe Ada Kaleh pe Șimian, era previzibil încă de la început, dar la fel a eșuat si un alt proiect, recultivarea insulei Golu, care aproape a dispărut complet ca urmare a nevoii de pietriș de pe santierul centralei.</b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNdif6wBdPnpdnnIWTNr-wa4LmcIMrApjIgpZphU_qbLHlK37yPZwFxYtLUz0ze4K4xQAn7SglXf6QFQieWCwYX3EuZxaPWbpkXyOk2hLFwiJYnWdx53CU4ltZxAWNxe9T2Jm4s9OJxK5/s1721/golu-sziget_kotelpalya.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1249" data-original-width="1721" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNdif6wBdPnpdnnIWTNr-wa4LmcIMrApjIgpZphU_qbLHlK37yPZwFxYtLUz0ze4K4xQAn7SglXf6QFQieWCwYX3EuZxaPWbpkXyOk2hLFwiJYnWdx53CU4ltZxAWNxe9T2Jm4s9OJxK5/w640-h464/golu-sziget_kotelpalya.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vedere de lângă turnul funicularului de pe Golu (Foto din colecția maistrului Gyulai Emil)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">Practic nu am știut nimic de existența insulei Golu înainte de a primi de la Gy. Attila planul proiectului de recultivare. Probabil mi-am mai aruncat privirea pestea ea de câteva ori, când studiam hărțile cursului inferior al Dunării, dar nu i-am dat importanță. Oricum insulele de pe segmentul românesc al Dunarii sunt oarecum neglijate pe blogul meu, în primul rând din cauza distanței și a barierelor ligvistice din literatura de profil. În acest caz a trebuit sa pornesc de la zero, ceea ce în același timp poate fi și referire la denumirea turceasca; Çıplak Ada, adica și în turceste înseeamnă insula goala, pustie. Ulterior, obținînd din ce în ce mai multe informații, a devenit limpede că toponimia poate fi legată de pătura de vegetație specifică de pe insulă.</p><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Această postare se concentrază în primul rând pe proiectul din 1982, cu incursiune și în trecutul mai îndepărtat al insulei. Istoria insulei ar merita un articol separat, bunăoară s-au găsit indicii ale existenței oamenilor înca dinainte de răspîndirea agriculturii, din epoca de piatră, până în evul mediu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dintre numeroasele aspecte obscure să începem cu denumirea insulei. În legatură cu insula au apărut trei forme de toponimie; Insula Golu, Insula Banului și mai sus amintita Çıplak Ada. Pe planul de recultivare apare Golu, dar în literatura arheologică de specialitate s-a răspândit denumirea Insula Banului. Legat de numele insulei există totuși ceva neclaritate pentru că înainte de construcția hidrocentralei, pe acest segment, existau cel puțin patru insule, din care doar Golu a mai rămas. Să adăugăm insă ca a rămas destul de răvăsită.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVo5OsF5kGXyaKRJN-sLrhwZW_qsTFFVXn8m46TXvI-bQr6mXsz9Kqoy0Z-xlkHGeYgjQZ7egpk_gfMce_0AMdp1ZYU5EuVFi34Q02HBDiC8u0bdCG5AD9qOg74hJPSLBU3tqcY5ZaZs8C/s769/golu_sziget2015.png.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="713" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVo5OsF5kGXyaKRJN-sLrhwZW_qsTFFVXn8m46TXvI-bQr6mXsz9Kqoy0Z-xlkHGeYgjQZ7egpk_gfMce_0AMdp1ZYU5EuVFi34Q02HBDiC8u0bdCG5AD9qOg74hJPSLBU3tqcY5ZaZs8C/w594-h640/golu_sziget2015.png.jpg" width="594" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Insula Golu în anul 2015 (<a href="http://geoportal.ancpi.ro/geoportal/imobile/Harta.html?fbclid=IwAR3_tNc3RGMKIwG7oLj0nEwR7opalrkzL4zfZN1-t2hVRJnI1gUH21GcriU" target="_blank">sursa</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Acest grup de insule a fost cândva vecinul din sud al Ada Kalehului, în aval de strâmtoarea Porțile de Fier și de Prigrada. La ieșirea din Porțile de Fier, la Gura Văii, viteza de curgere a apei scade și Dunărea începe să iși depună sedimentele. Formarea insulelor a fost ajutată și de sedimentele cărate cu abundență de pâraiele din văile apropiate, care au format conuri aluvionare în Dunăre, fapt ce îngreuna considerabil și navigația. La Gura Văii, conul aluvionar care strâmtează cursul Dunării, este format de pârâul Jidostița.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Golu, la 1600 de metri de baraj, a rămas "Ultimul Mohican" al grupului de insule ce formau odinioară arhipelagul. Am reușit să obțin o singură imagine cu insulele de dinainte de construcția hidrocentralei. De pe imaginea captată de Forțele Aeriene Britanice, in anul 1944, din păcate lipseste capătul de sus al insulei Golu dar unind cele două imagini găsite se poate vedea bine arhipelagul. Mai mult de atât, se poate stabili și mărimea de atunci a insulelor. Una din ele era despărțită de Golu doar de o ramură îngustă, lângă care era o insulă ceva mai lată, de cca. o jumătate de km., aproape de malul sârbesc.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSnrMTFgIbzSu8_or_rfye1nw9P0vj8EgbGXQ2xFy1gGlrvSkmsEwsFJiDranQJoB-53wu7IomCX_Vb3SbbK2npZdVx0ytkEydFMy9Y8OaMURV9KXKbRoVPGPSAN7pAZFC0dqY-yXiKiS/s606/NCAP-000-000-019-022.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSnrMTFgIbzSu8_or_rfye1nw9P0vj8EgbGXQ2xFy1gGlrvSkmsEwsFJiDranQJoB-53wu7IomCX_Vb3SbbK2npZdVx0ytkEydFMy9Y8OaMURV9KXKbRoVPGPSAN7pAZFC0dqY-yXiKiS/s16000/NCAP-000-000-019-022.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Insula Golu (dreapta) și insulele dragate în 1944.<br />Pe celălalt mal conul aluvionar al Jidostiței.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">La nord-vest de cele două se distinge o insulă ceva mai mare. Lungimea acesteia este de cca. un km., adica hidrocentrala a fost practic construita la vârful de sus al acestei insule, deci nu e de mirare că a trebuit săpată. Numele acestor insule au rămas marcate de mâna, pe o <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixGLjuEBS93XEpMjy8QY1IPoe6jOPr8pXlF-9Pr6tjZUyoQdKG0R6dgjBnQo1cJDS8xflk3ZoVw64kyO2f_vgRi73rcwoJUmHVYIegPX_rOf4narzRDhmQ4Ltk35DpLAadLP4REegOn-E/s1600/29_Vaskapu.jpg" target="_blank">hartă topografică</a> a Dunării Inferioare, ca "Serbische Insel" cea apropiată de malul drept al Dunării si "Gura Văii" cea din amonte de Golu. Gura Văii este si numele localității celei mai apropiate de aceasta insulă, pe malul stâng. Tot pe această hartă topografică, la Sip, este marcat km 943 la vârful insulei de sus, locul unde se va construi mai târziu hidrocentrala.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIM8i9PvTFHPzpe6cpqYOVDC0iz3zyNnB8y_lu55sbTMLoxU6hI4Ihjw6B7uOuCynJQBJs7TknFZeKY-UJtrvp0ZfBLDasPC5YpaFR0qHcrNl8cze_aanAXG9Xod83BpKZhzhWwQ86_AO/s602/NCAP-000-000-019-023.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIM8i9PvTFHPzpe6cpqYOVDC0iz3zyNnB8y_lu55sbTMLoxU6hI4Ihjw6B7uOuCynJQBJs7TknFZeKY-UJtrvp0ZfBLDasPC5YpaFR0qHcrNl8cze_aanAXG9Xod83BpKZhzhWwQ86_AO/s16000/NCAP-000-000-019-023.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hidrocentrala Porțile de Fier I s-a construit la stânga vârfului insulei.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fără să aprofndez trecutul insulei Golu, e important să pomenesc de existența fortului roman Transdiana, cu patru turnuri, la vârful din amonte al insulei, care se presupune că a fost folosit ca cetate în perioada bizantină și apoi și în evul mediu. În perioada luptelor cu turcii, Luigi Fernando Marsigli a întrerpins cercetări amănunțite în regiune, și el a fost cel care a făcut legatura între rămășițele celor patru turnuri și Podul lui Traian. Pe fișa lui cu nr. XIV și pe o hartă militară a Munteniei din 1790 apare Transdiana, ceea ce înseamnă că și atunci putea fi vorba de niste ruine însemnate. Înalțimea pereților ajunge și azi până pe la 1,5 - 2 metri. Importanța strategică e dată de faptul că apăra de la nord punctul de trecere de la Severin, unde, pe vremea Romanilor, era podul împăratului Traian.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNDXmxGZMb25_WiwOUsHIO4_RCVJWZEE9CFKpyKAEhZGRKWW-FvTm9RcYYmADK3D_WsgNVxyC-lvA0BBg54zWzlI7t3i3nS2WwXecAAvt36lA_Pg9jgjs-Hlq4OBZzs9b_j6EAaqsREOV8/s1159/Banul_marsigli.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1159" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNDXmxGZMb25_WiwOUsHIO4_RCVJWZEE9CFKpyKAEhZGRKWW-FvTm9RcYYmADK3D_WsgNVxyC-lvA0BBg54zWzlI7t3i3nS2WwXecAAvt36lA_Pg9jgjs-Hlq4OBZzs9b_j6EAaqsREOV8/w640-h458/Banul_marsigli.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Insula Banului și zona acesteia pe o harta foarte detaliată întocmita de Marsigli în jurul anului 1700. (<a href="https://maps.hungaricana.hu/hu/MOLTerkeptar/29267/view/?pg=14&bbox=5422%2C-3998%2C7511%2C-2987" target="_blank">sursa</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">La sud-est cetatea era mărginită de un șanț adânc, cu scop de apărare, umplut cu apa Dunării. În zilele noastre cetatea se poate recunoaște după un stâlp electric mare iar în sanț avem un turn urias din beton. Înainte de construcția hidrocentralei, insula a fost temeinic excavata dpdv. arehologic . Este foarte plauzibil să credem că insula nu a împărtășit soarta celorlalte trei insule dispărute și datorită sarcinii arheologice importante. Bunăoară arheologii au descoperit pe insulă așezări din epoca de piatră târzie (cca. 9500 de ani), neolitic si epoca timpurie a fierului ceea ce indică în același timp și perioada în care bazinul hidrografic al Dunării permitea locuirea permanentă. Importanța așezării din epoca fierului este evidentiată și de faptul că unul din stabilimentele culturii Halstatt, din epoca timpurie a fierului, a primit numele de grupul Insula Banului.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb4O6mTJBRuoV5iJop8EjQqVFdixc5CQSeXRMMiVDNdfbULweostNIWK9nWajSCvsI7tja64TvCqVbGMd0V3TKE4ySt2K1UaxXOHorA5LT3BRgjx2pGhstkKroysZBXLtPeQbn90gMlvaj/s774/golu_csille.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="774" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb4O6mTJBRuoV5iJop8EjQqVFdixc5CQSeXRMMiVDNdfbULweostNIWK9nWajSCvsI7tja64TvCqVbGMd0V3TKE4ySt2K1UaxXOHorA5LT3BRgjx2pGhstkKroysZBXLtPeQbn90gMlvaj/w640-h414/golu_csille.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Funicularul pentru moloz dintre insula Golu (stânga) și fabrica de ciment de la Gura Văii.<br />(sursa: Turnu-Severin de altădată)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">În vara anului 1966 au sosit constructorii pe insulă. Sarcina lor era să construiască o pistă din cabluri, de 450 de metri lungime, care să lege insula de fabrica de ciment de pe malul românesc, cu care materialul insulei putea fi transferat mai usor pentru prelucrare.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><span style="color: #444444;"></span></div></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">"De la Porțile de Fier până la Turnu-Severin sunt patru insule în albia fluviului: Cirkiste imediat lânga palpanșele de la Sârbi, la doi km. Golu - teritoriu românesc, mai jos Konaku și Pupaza.</span></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">Plasa metalica și cablurile funicularului împreună cu vagoneții sunt suspendați pe două turnuri uriașe din beton. Pe malul stâng, cu fundație de mulți metri, avem unul din turnuri, celălalt turn de susținere este pe Golu.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">Așa cum o spune și numele, insula este goala, pustie. Doar nisip și pietriș cu doar câteva salcii prinse în partea de sud.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">Reciful probabil a fost în responsabilitatea guvernatorului Timișoarei, un fel de loc de pază a graniței, de asta mai este cunoscută și ca Insula Banului. Al doilea turn de beton a fost înplantat în acest umăr de pietriș reprezentat de insulă.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">Acest funicular face un pod cu o deschidere de peste jumătate de km (puține mai sunt cu așa anvergură în Europa) iar covorul de plasă are 22 metri lățime cu 31 de cabluri transversale ce formează un caroiaj de fix un hectar deasupra fluviului.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">Toată această structură gigant a fost construită să protejeze navigația internațională în cei șapte ani în care se va clădi hidrocentrala. Nu cumva să aibă loc o nenorocire de la o piatră sau un vagonet care ar putea să cadă.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;">Zi și noapte, de la agregatele de pe Insula Banului, vagoneții de 1.5 metri cubi, cară pietriș și nisip la fabrica de ciment de pe mal. S-au și format pe malul Dunării trei movile cât munții, care doar ele ar putea bloca Dunărea. Chiar asta se va întâmpla. Până se construiește hidrocentrala o să se consume insula. Va ramâne doar o pojghiță subțire din ea. După îndepărtarea stratului de 3 metri de pietriș se va ajunge la o ruină de cetate romană. Apoi în 1972, pe ce a mai rămas din insulă, se vor întreprinde săpături arheologice asupra ruinelor ce au avut răbdare 2000 de ani. (Romániai Magyar Szó - Előre 1968. noiembrie 11.)</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">Prin dragarea celor trei insule din aval s-au realizat două ținte. S-a curățat albia de obstacolele nedorite și s-a asigurat necesarul de pietriș pentru șantier. Extracția de nisip și pietriș a avut loc chiar și în detrimentul sarcinii arheologice existente. S-au înființat în total trei cariere. Una în interiorul insulei, în vecinătatea ruinelor romane, dincolo de șanțul cetății. Două pe mijlocul insulei, acestea s-au umplut mai târziu cu apa Dunării. Sterilul extras a fost stocat pe vârful de jos al insulei, îngropând astfel straturile cu sarcină arheologică existentă. La acea vreme, cca. 1986-1972, insula într-adevăr și-a justificat denumirea de ”Golu” având în vedere peisajul sterp lăsat în urma minării suprafeței.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8tWODm65i5K8ruuwmdniU6UMrV-1Fm0JKFybAW4aU3tIt31fTBCt0Ny5ClHcW-fWbvB7x9AIBuEl2pbi-bN98DkTBKbY6CNhOv_EitVacBpWIc2rDSLd8Ott1GBGB3gCxVNjLgL0IkE4/s2802/golu_sziget.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1123" data-original-width="2802" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8tWODm65i5K8ruuwmdniU6UMrV-1Fm0JKFybAW4aU3tIt31fTBCt0Ny5ClHcW-fWbvB7x9AIBuEl2pbi-bN98DkTBKbY6CNhOv_EitVacBpWIc2rDSLd8Ott1GBGB3gCxVNjLgL0IkE4/w640-h256/golu_sziget.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Planul insulei Golu la 1982. (sursa: Turnu-Severin de altădată)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">La cca. 10 ani de la construția hidrocentralei s-a schițat un plan de recultivare a insulei Golu. Conform planului s-a prevăzut un muzeu în aer liber, o colonie artistică și un strand dar desenul are două aspecte interesante. Pe de o parte, pe plan, apar contururile reliefului de dinainte de santier în condițiile în care aceste reliefuri deja erau negative ca urmare a extracției, adică trebuiau să apară scobituri. Totodată interesantă este și plasarea ștrandului. Practic acesta este o groapă de carieră, umplută cu apa Dunării, dar desenată într-un loc unde azi nici măcar nu avem această groapă. Nu apar pe desen nici cariera făcută lângă cetate, nici cele două gropi din mijlocul insulei. Nu e greu să presupunem că acest plan a fost desenat înainte de începerea șantierului, chiar dacă este datat cu 1982.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmalyWUgvXFH2wn35GM2gYR8niMPkPag9CQzoueKvRtyKfjc9hvN-MYicqM-GmlIBZJwdw5rQFEqmN-QbwSVd0aG5CiN60HMC-rNfaSNCtekOSx38TJzfRklFt9KlanJ6FBzpw7RKtFKLu/s977/golu_sziget_e.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="977" height="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmalyWUgvXFH2wn35GM2gYR8niMPkPag9CQzoueKvRtyKfjc9hvN-MYicqM-GmlIBZJwdw5rQFEqmN-QbwSVd0aG5CiN60HMC-rNfaSNCtekOSx38TJzfRklFt9KlanJ6FBzpw7RKtFKLu/w640-h594/golu_sziget_e.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Capătul de sus al insulei Golu, cu ruinele cetății. (sursa: Turnu-Severin de altădată)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Dacă s-ar fi materializat acest plan ar fi luat ființă o mică insulă stațiune fix la poalele barajului. În centru ar fi avut un bazin strand, pt. copii și pt. adulți, cu cabine de duș, garderobe, cu deschidere spre malul Românesc. Confortul ar fi fost asigurat de un club, locuri de cazare, restaurant și punct de împrumut accesorii pentru îmbăiere. La capătul din sud-est era prevazută o livadă iar la celălalt capăt, la ruine, un muzeu în aer liber și colonie artistică. Pe plan nu avem însă prevazut un debarcader. Din cauza costurilor uriașe de operare a funicularului e greu de crezut că acesta s-ar fi modificat pentru transport persoane. Bunăoară acest funicluar a fost demontat deja în 1978.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbcjjAaX3ECBDv9LpO9mi879O2bRonWhbsQ8N0914aTMJ4XwPfMDICU6gmy6vMogK95J97KZDRP4X39k_0ToQXXOLI7GmslICasBcULI_YzQWkvPB2BiHSgPsq79JCMqSq-Oab85nAfoX/s1815/golu_sziget_k.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1815" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbcjjAaX3ECBDv9LpO9mi879O2bRonWhbsQ8N0914aTMJ4XwPfMDICU6gmy6vMogK95J97KZDRP4X39k_0ToQXXOLI7GmslICasBcULI_YzQWkvPB2BiHSgPsq79JCMqSq-Oab85nAfoX/w640-h322/golu_sziget_k.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ștrand în groapa rămasă după exploatarea carierei de moloz. (sursa: Turnu-Severin de altădată)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Pe dealul de la Gura Văii tronează o vilă. A fost construită pentru Ceaușescu, cu vedere la Dunăre, de unde se putea observa întreaga investiție grandioasă și oferă o priveliște deosebită asupra insulei folosită cândva pentru extracție de pietriș. Vila a fost construită ca loc de întâlnire cu liderul Iugoslav Tito, când acesta venea să încheie acordurile cu privire la șantierul hidrocentralei. După încheierea lucrărilor Ceaușescu nu a mai venit niciodată aici. Atenția a fost distribuită în alte direcții. Cum turcii de pe Ada Kaleh nu au primit curent gratis toată viața în urma promisiunii la relocare, tot așa, și din planul de înființare a stațiunii de pe insula Golu, nu s-a mai ales nimic. Până la mijlocul anilor 1990 a rămas o zona militară de graniță, un fel de pământul nimănui la hotarul dintre două țări. În general doar pescarii mai curajoși se mai aventurau, câțiva localnici își mai duceau porcii acolo, unde îi creșteau în semi sălbăticie, și toamna îi recuperau pentru tăiat. În urma cu 15-20 de ani era populată și de mulți iepuri, probabil iepuri de casă sălbăticiți. Pădurea recucerește încet încet insula goală.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div>La final recultivarea o face însăși natura.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Mulțumiri lui Attila Gyulai pentru ajutor și traducere!</div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-5988109946221302832021-11-23T15:23:00.003+01:002021-11-23T15:27:20.334+01:00Naked Island in the shadow of the Iron Gates<p style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/11/csupasz-sziget-vaskapu-arnyekaban.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The construction of the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station has transformed the landscape, not only upstream but also downstream. While the upstream Danube section is a much better-known topic, especially in relation to Ada Kaleh and Orsova, the downstream section has received much less attention. The best known of these is the story of Simian Island, where the monuments and inhabitants of Ada Kaleh were uprooted and attempted to be resettled. The failure of the operation was predictable, but so was the failure of another project, the recultivation of Golu Island, which was almost completely destroyed by the power plant's gravel demand. </b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNdif6wBdPnpdnnIWTNr-wa4LmcIMrApjIgpZphU_qbLHlK37yPZwFxYtLUz0ze4K4xQAn7SglXf6QFQieWCwYX3EuZxaPWbpkXyOk2hLFwiJYnWdx53CU4ltZxAWNxe9T2Jm4s9OJxK5/s1721/golu-sziget_kotelpalya.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1249" data-original-width="1721" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNdif6wBdPnpdnnIWTNr-wa4LmcIMrApjIgpZphU_qbLHlK37yPZwFxYtLUz0ze4K4xQAn7SglXf6QFQieWCwYX3EuZxaPWbpkXyOk2hLFwiJYnWdx53CU4ltZxAWNxe9T2Jm4s9OJxK5/w640-h464/golu-sziget_kotelpalya.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View from the cableway on Golu Island to the Romanian coast (Collection of Emil Gyulai)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">Until Attila Gyulai sent me the recultivation plans of Golu Island, I had practically no knowledge of this island. I might have caught sight of it on one of the Lower Danube maps. Anyways, this section on the Danube is rarely mentioned on the blog, mainly because of distance and the language barrier of the literature. In this case, we had to start from scratch, which also refers back to the Turkish name of the island, Çıplak Ada meaning Empty or Bare Island. As more and more information about the island became available, it became clear that this name could only be related to the former vegetation cover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This post focuses mainly on the 1982 plans, with some digression into the island's past. The history of the island deserves a separate entry, since there are traces of human settlement from the Mesolithic period, before the spread of agriculture, to the Middle Ages. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">First, we have to discuss the obscure etymology of the island. Three names have come up in connection with it; Golu Island, Banului Island, and the aforementioned Turkish name Çıplak Ada. The name Golu Island is given on the plan, but in the archaeological literature, the name Banului Island has been widely used. There is some uncertainty as to the name of the island since there were at least four islands in this section before the construction of Iron Gate I, of which only Golu Island remains. However, it should be added that Golu Island has been extensively damaged.</p><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVo5OsF5kGXyaKRJN-sLrhwZW_qsTFFVXn8m46TXvI-bQr6mXsz9Kqoy0Z-xlkHGeYgjQZ7egpk_gfMce_0AMdp1ZYU5EuVFi34Q02HBDiC8u0bdCG5AD9qOg74hJPSLBU3tqcY5ZaZs8C/s769/golu_sziget2015.png.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="713" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVo5OsF5kGXyaKRJN-sLrhwZW_qsTFFVXn8m46TXvI-bQr6mXsz9Kqoy0Z-xlkHGeYgjQZ7egpk_gfMce_0AMdp1ZYU5EuVFi34Q02HBDiC8u0bdCG5AD9qOg74hJPSLBU3tqcY5ZaZs8C/w594-h640/golu_sziget2015.png.jpg" width="594" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Golu Island in 2015 with the Serbian-Romanian border (<a href="http://geoportal.ancpi.ro/geoportal/imobile/Harta.html?fbclid=IwAR3_tNc3RGMKIwG7oLj0nEwR7opalrkzL4zfZN1-t2hVRJnI1gUH21GcriU" target="_blank">source</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This group of small islands was once the southern neighbour of Ada Kaleh, beyond the Iron Gates gorge and the Prigrada rapids. At Gura Vaii, the velocity of the Danube slowed down and began to deposit its sediment. The formation of the islands was also aided by the abundant supply of alluvium; the streams running down from the nearby valleys all built up a substantial cone of alluvium as they entered the Danube, which also made navigation difficult. At Gura Vaii, the Jidoștița stream is one such alluvial cone, narrowing the Romanian branch of the Danube. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Golu Island, the last Mohican in the archipelago, is currently less than 1600 meters from the dam. The only aerial photo I have managed to find of the group of islands is one that shows it before the dam was built. Unfortunately, the lower tip of Golu Island is missing from the 1944 British Royal Air Force photographs, but the three islands above it can be matched from the two images. In fact, their former size can be established. One of them was separated from Golu Island by a narrow branch, and next to it was a slightly wider island, estimated to be half a kilometer long, facing the Serbian coast. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSnrMTFgIbzSu8_or_rfye1nw9P0vj8EgbGXQ2xFy1gGlrvSkmsEwsFJiDranQJoB-53wu7IomCX_Vb3SbbK2npZdVx0ytkEydFMy9Y8OaMURV9KXKbRoVPGPSAN7pAZFC0dqY-yXiKiS/s606/NCAP-000-000-019-022.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSnrMTFgIbzSu8_or_rfye1nw9P0vj8EgbGXQ2xFy1gGlrvSkmsEwsFJiDranQJoB-53wu7IomCX_Vb3SbbK2npZdVx0ytkEydFMy9Y8OaMURV9KXKbRoVPGPSAN7pAZFC0dqY-yXiKiS/s16000/NCAP-000-000-019-022.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Golu island on the right and the later excavated islands in 1944.<br />On the opposite side is the alluvial cone of the Jidoștița creek.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">A slightly larger island is visible to the northwest of the two. It must have been about a kilometer long, which means the Iron Gate I. power station's dam was built practically at the top of this island. So it's no wonder it had to be excavated. Their names survive on a <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixGLjuEBS93XEpMjy8QY1IPoe6jOPr8pXlF-9Pr6tjZUyoQdKG0R6dgjBnQo1cJDS8xflk3ZoVw64kyO2f_vgRi73rcwoJUmHVYIegPX_rOf4narzRDhmQ4Ltk35DpLAadLP4REegOn-E/s1600/29_Vaskapu.jpg" target="_blank">manuscript site plan</a> of the Al-Duna, the upper island, and the one nearer the right bank is simply called 'Serbische Insel', while the island above Golu Island is simply called Gura Vaii, named after the nearest Romanian settlement on the left bank. On the same map, the later Iron Gate I power station at Sip is marked in pencil just at the top of the uppermost island at river kilometer 943.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIM8i9PvTFHPzpe6cpqYOVDC0iz3zyNnB8y_lu55sbTMLoxU6hI4Ihjw6B7uOuCynJQBJs7TknFZeKY-UJtrvp0ZfBLDasPC5YpaFR0qHcrNl8cze_aanAXG9Xod83BpKZhzhWwQ86_AO/s602/NCAP-000-000-019-023.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIM8i9PvTFHPzpe6cpqYOVDC0iz3zyNnB8y_lu55sbTMLoxU6hI4Ihjw6B7uOuCynJQBJs7TknFZeKY-UJtrvp0ZfBLDasPC5YpaFR0qHcrNl8cze_aanAXG9Xod83BpKZhzhWwQ86_AO/s16000/NCAP-000-000-019-023.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Iron Gate I dam was built at the tip of the island on the left.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Without going into the history of the island in detail, it is important to mention that on the upper tip of Golu Island there was a four-tower Roman fortress called Transdiana, which was probably used as a castle in the "Byzantine" period and also in the Middle Ages. Luigi Fernando Marsigli carried out detailed research in the area during the anti-Turkish wars, and it was he who connected the remains of the pillars in the riverbed with the bridge of Emperor Trajan. His section XIV. and a 1790 map of the Transdanubian Plain also show Transdiana, which means that it may have been a significant ruin at the time. The height of its ascending walls still reaches 1.5-2 meters. Its importance is due to the fact that it defended the strategic crossing point on the Danube from the north, where the bridge of Emperor Trajan stood in Roman times. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNDXmxGZMb25_WiwOUsHIO4_RCVJWZEE9CFKpyKAEhZGRKWW-FvTm9RcYYmADK3D_WsgNVxyC-lvA0BBg54zWzlI7t3i3nS2WwXecAAvt36lA_Pg9jgjs-Hlq4OBZzs9b_j6EAaqsREOV8/s1159/Banul_marsigli.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1159" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNDXmxGZMb25_WiwOUsHIO4_RCVJWZEE9CFKpyKAEhZGRKWW-FvTm9RcYYmADK3D_WsgNVxyC-lvA0BBg54zWzlI7t3i3nS2WwXecAAvt36lA_Pg9jgjs-Hlq4OBZzs9b_j6EAaqsREOV8/w640-h458/Banul_marsigli.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Insula Banul and its surroundings on a very detailed map of Marsigli, circa 1700. (<a href="https://maps.hungaricana.hu/hu/MOLTerkeptar/29267/view/?pg=14&bbox=5422%2C-3998%2C7511%2C-2987" target="_blank">source</a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The castle was surrounded to the southeast by a deep moat, in which the Danube water could be used for defense purposes. Today, the castle is recognizable by a large electric pole, and a huge concrete tower stands near the moat. The island was extensively researched for archaeological purposes before the power station was built. It is very likely that this is why the fortress was saved from the fate of the other three islands. The archaeologists have excavated Mesolithic (~9500 years old), Neolithic and Early Iron Age settlements on the island, which may also indicate the periods when the Danube water level was sufficient to allow for permanent settlement. The importance of the Iron Age settlement is underlined by the fact that one of the settlements of the Early Iron Age Hallstatt culture was named after the island, the Insula Banului group.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb4O6mTJBRuoV5iJop8EjQqVFdixc5CQSeXRMMiVDNdfbULweostNIWK9nWajSCvsI7tja64TvCqVbGMd0V3TKE4ySt2K1UaxXOHorA5LT3BRgjx2pGhstkKroysZBXLtPeQbn90gMlvaj/s774/golu_csille.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="774" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb4O6mTJBRuoV5iJop8EjQqVFdixc5CQSeXRMMiVDNdfbULweostNIWK9nWajSCvsI7tja64TvCqVbGMd0V3TKE4ySt2K1UaxXOHorA5LT3BRgjx2pGhstkKroysZBXLtPeQbn90gMlvaj/w640-h414/golu_csille.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gravel transporting track between Golu Island (left) and the Gura Vaii concrete factory.<br />(Collection of Attila Gyulai) <br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the archaeologists had left, construction workers soon arrived on the island. Their task was to build a sluice track above the Danube to the concrete factory on the Romanian side, which would allow the material from the islands to be easily transported to the processing site. By dredging the three upper islands, they killed two birds with one stone, clearing the construction site of unwanted obstacles in the riverbed and securing the gravel supply for the construction site. Despite their archaeological importance, the sand and gravel layers of Golu Island have been affected by the excavation. In total, three mining pits were created. One in the interior of the island, next to the Roman fortress, beyond the moat. Two in the center of the island, which was later flooded by the Danube. The excess soil from the area was piled up on the lower tip of the island, burying the archaeological layers. At this time, around 1968-1972, the island could indeed claim the label 'bare', because of the barren, quarried landscape.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8tWODm65i5K8ruuwmdniU6UMrV-1Fm0JKFybAW4aU3tIt31fTBCt0Ny5ClHcW-fWbvB7x9AIBuEl2pbi-bN98DkTBKbY6CNhOv_EitVacBpWIc2rDSLd8Ott1GBGB3gCxVNjLgL0IkE4/s2802/golu_sziget.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1123" data-original-width="2802" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8tWODm65i5K8ruuwmdniU6UMrV-1Fm0JKFybAW4aU3tIt31fTBCt0Ny5ClHcW-fWbvB7x9AIBuEl2pbi-bN98DkTBKbY6CNhOv_EitVacBpWIc2rDSLd8Ott1GBGB3gCxVNjLgL0IkE4/w640-h256/golu_sziget.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plan of Golu Island in 1982 (Collection of Attila Gyulai)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">About 10 years after the power plant was built, a site plan of the island's reclamation plans was completed. The plans called for an art center, an open-air museum, and a beach on the island, but the drawing has two interesting features. Firstly, the drawing shows contour lines, including in places where mining should have created negative shapes, i.e. underwater pits. Also interesting is the location of the beach pool. It is effectively a mine pit filled with water from the Danube, but it is drawn in a place where there are no mine pits nowadays. Neither the lake at the base of the fort nor the two pits dug in the middle of the island are depicted. Given these two factors, it is not unreasonable to assume that, despite the 1982 date, this drawing was made before the power station was built.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmalyWUgvXFH2wn35GM2gYR8niMPkPag9CQzoueKvRtyKfjc9hvN-MYicqM-GmlIBZJwdw5rQFEqmN-QbwSVd0aG5CiN60HMC-rNfaSNCtekOSx38TJzfRklFt9KlanJ6FBzpw7RKtFKLu/s977/golu_sziget_e.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="977" height="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmalyWUgvXFH2wn35GM2gYR8niMPkPag9CQzoueKvRtyKfjc9hvN-MYicqM-GmlIBZJwdw5rQFEqmN-QbwSVd0aG5CiN60HMC-rNfaSNCtekOSx38TJzfRklFt9KlanJ6FBzpw7RKtFKLu/w640-h594/golu_sziget_e.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The upper tip of the Golu Island with the Roman fort. (collection of Attila Gyulai) </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">If this plan had been realized, a small holiday island could have been created at the foot of the dam. At its center would have been a beach with adult and children's pools, shower cabins, changing rooms, open to the Romanian river bank. A clubhouse, accommodation, a restaurant, and a beach equipment rental would have been provided for the comfort of holidaymakers. An orchard would have been planted on the south-eastern, lower tip of the island, while the opposite tip would have been used as an open-air museum and art center around the fortress. The plan does not include a boat harbor or any other form of access. Due to the huge maintenance costs of the cableway, it is unlikely that the gravel transporting system would have been converted into passenger service. It was dismantled before 1978. </div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbcjjAaX3ECBDv9LpO9mi879O2bRonWhbsQ8N0914aTMJ4XwPfMDICU6gmy6vMogK95J97KZDRP4X39k_0ToQXXOLI7GmslICasBcULI_YzQWkvPB2BiHSgPsq79JCMqSq-Oab85nAfoX/s1815/golu_sziget_k.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1815" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbcjjAaX3ECBDv9LpO9mi879O2bRonWhbsQ8N0914aTMJ4XwPfMDICU6gmy6vMogK95J97KZDRP4X39k_0ToQXXOLI7GmslICasBcULI_YzQWkvPB2BiHSgPsq79JCMqSq-Oab85nAfoX/w640-h322/golu_sziget_k.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From mine pit to beach. (Collection of Attila Gyulai)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">A villa stands on the hillside above Gura Vaii. Once built for the Romanian dictator, Nicolae Ceaușescu, its windows overlooking the Danube offered a view of the grandiose project and a magnificent view of the Danube islands used as a gravel pit. The villa was built to give the Yugoslav leader, Tito, a place to negotiate the construction of the power plant. After Iron Gate I was built, Ceaușescu never visited this villa again. Attention was diverted elsewhere. Just as the displaced Turks of Ada Kaleh were denied electricity for the rest of their lives, for the sake of which they wiped their homes off the face of the earth, so too was the use of Golu Island as a resort. Until the mid-1990s it was a no man's land, a military zone on the border between the two countries. Only the braver fishermen landed there, or the locals moved their pigs there, where they lived semi-wild and were slaughtered after they had gained weight. There were also many rabbits on the island 15-20 years ago, perhaps descendants of feral domestic rabbits. The floodplain forest is slowly reclaiming the bare island.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">The reclamation was therefore finally carried out by nature itself. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Thanks to Attila Gyulai and Alexandra Ion for the idea and help in writing this article!</div></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-90541673821091521162021-10-13T21:31:00.003+02:002021-10-13T21:45:12.957+02:00Danubian Island of the year 2021<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/10/az-ev-dunai-szigete-2021.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><b>This is the ninth time the Donauinseln blog announces the traditional poll for the Danubian Island of the year. </b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>You can vote for the three nominated islands between 13th October and 31st December 2021.</b></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJAHf8FR7YdOlPigtskw2mwhN0iR8Ik1yC5jwELhoeK3XBerb1MQbIKzoURaisNxxtnOf2z0XpDR-LoYGz9dp1_29BSaAkQyL_xYCXm7byN8DsLb4DBn58suyxs4_h_7k-KTwNSOTuFdht/s960/1986fentrol3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJAHf8FR7YdOlPigtskw2mwhN0iR8Ik1yC5jwELhoeK3XBerb1MQbIKzoURaisNxxtnOf2z0XpDR-LoYGz9dp1_29BSaAkQyL_xYCXm7byN8DsLb4DBn58suyxs4_h_7k-KTwNSOTuFdht/w640-h480/1986fentrol3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this contest is to focus attention on the often unknown islands of the Danube. Most of you probably visited the Seychelle Islands before any Danubian Island. This is the ninth poll, and we are happy we have started a tradition and more and more people will learn about these islands across the World.</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div>The winners so far (you might noticed this is a Hungary-based blog):</div><div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">2013. <b>Kompkötő Island</b>, Vác</div><div style="text-align: center;">2014. <b>Helemba Island</b>, Esztergom</div><div style="text-align: center;">2015. <b>Kismarosi Island</b>, Kismaros</div><div style="text-align: center;">2016. <b>Szalki Island</b>, Dunaújváros</div><div style="text-align: center;">2017. <b>Csallóköz/Žitný ostrov</b>, Slovakia</div><div style="text-align: center;">2018. <b>Molnár Island</b>, Soroksár, Budapest</div><div><div style="text-align: center;">2019. <b>The Great Island of</b> <b>Rácalmás</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">2020.<b> Kerekzátony Island</b>, Ráckeve</div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Idén ismét két szigetet választottak ki a blog olvasói a kilenc szigetet felvonultató <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/10/az-ev-dunai-szigete-szavazas.html" target="_blank">selejtező</a> során; meggyőző fölénnyel a ráckevei Angyali-szigetet és második helyen befutóként az esztergomi Csitri-szigetet. A Dunai-szigetek blog idén a Türr István által megrajzolt, 90%-ban Magyarországon található Mohácsi-szigetet jelöli. Azaz a két egészen magyarországi sziget mellett egy <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2015/03/hol-hatar-szerbia-es-horvatorszag-kozott.html" target="_blank">szerb vagy horvát</a> felségterületre átlógó sziget is indul a szavazáson.</div><br />ABC sorrendben mutatjuk be a jelölteket, amely egyben folyásirány szerinti sorrend is:</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQgU0zZzNplKLTkiWrX5opVGdNCGPNUyAxRmhYtGlZC_Ukdm2dsPURRvu-Go8VRUdXOV8DCnCaB_cWh4J-khLphlA1O3K_DpnqY-qdNvNBaEeL1inlM3q3Hg2F-M-WFqvqbxlgQublWYmM/s1579/angyali.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="1579" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQgU0zZzNplKLTkiWrX5opVGdNCGPNUyAxRmhYtGlZC_Ukdm2dsPURRvu-Go8VRUdXOV8DCnCaB_cWh4J-khLphlA1O3K_DpnqY-qdNvNBaEeL1inlM3q3Hg2F-M-WFqvqbxlgQublWYmM/w640-h348/angyali.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Angyali Island, Ráckeve</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to urban legend, the island was named after I. Matthias, king of Hungary, who called the landscape an angelic place when he sailed past it. The Angyali Island is a real island in the Soroksári-Danube with its stretched waters. This water stabilization has allowed the island to be populated since the construction of the lock at Tass. From the 1960s onwards, the island was gradually built up and a populous weekend community emerged, with more and more permanent settlers, who put their favorite island into the final round of voting by a clear majority. To the north is the Vesszőzátony Island. It is worth a visit, accessible by small boat from the Ráckeve side. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEpUm_328bKlWDvBPSQC-U711IS8_Mgf5BuwWv4RbkrZHjArWiHCf2Xkc7KEVjRvDJPJr92ee1wkH3O35kA8GspuWImU_W3iCjjlD_bEk8x4QhgIZeFNVeoB4ST2MeiIuRNLsDQDMioHEb/s718/Csitri1969.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="718" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEpUm_328bKlWDvBPSQC-U711IS8_Mgf5BuwWv4RbkrZHjArWiHCf2Xkc7KEVjRvDJPJr92ee1wkH3O35kA8GspuWImU_W3iCjjlD_bEk8x4QhgIZeFNVeoB4ST2MeiIuRNLsDQDMioHEb/w640-h434/Csitri1969.JPG" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Csitri Island, Esztergom</span></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The smallest island of Esztergom is the Csitri (=small girl in Hungarian), if you don't count the disappeared Turán Island next to it. It is interesting that it is bordered on both sides by a tributary of the Danube, as it is surrounded by the Körtvélyes and Nyáros islands in the archipelago of Tát. Its fish shape and interesting name can be found on old maps, but later its tributaries have been considerably narrowed by river regulation. </div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCfrIfSmc1tuYjhSn6z8Lk48GmHfl2lMqUPYiIgE-tFdyReoDY0iU_BZ3i09k1sZX6tWlxwo04O1CRy7UcWZIs9MXlcG5yUzF-mSUoi7SXXeOZm3XSp5WoFoRKC3QjYJE1NZ2jtbX0-y0p/s1178/Mohacsisziget1784.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1178" data-original-width="829" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCfrIfSmc1tuYjhSn6z8Lk48GmHfl2lMqUPYiIgE-tFdyReoDY0iU_BZ3i09k1sZX6tWlxwo04O1CRy7UcWZIs9MXlcG5yUzF-mSUoi7SXXeOZm3XSp5WoFoRKC3QjYJE1NZ2jtbX0-y0p/w450-h640/Mohacsisziget1784.JPG" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Mohácsi Island</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hungary's second-largest island is somewhat similar to the third largest island. The eastern branch of Mohácsi Island, the Baracskai-Duna, is channelized in the same way as the Soroksári-Duna at the Csepel Island. Until the 1870s it was a wilderness of floodplain forests alternating with marshy areas, although in the Middle Ages there were ten inhabited settlements. Its repopulation could only begin after the flood safety constructions. The agricultural landscape hides interesting landforms, such as a former bend on the "Riha" oxbow, a Roman fortress, and even a quarried limestone outcropping at Vári-puszta. It can be reached by ferry from the west and by several bridges from the east. The southern part is part of Serbia as far as Bezdán. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div>The poll will be closed at noon 31st December 2021. The results will be available in the first post of the year 2022!</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><script src="https://host1.easypolls.net/ext/scripts/emPoll.js?p=61672f06e4b04db784c17e15" type="text/javascript"></script><a class="OPP-powered-by" href="http://www.objectplanet.com/opinio/" style="text-decoration: none;"><div style="color: grey; font: 9px arial; text-align: center;">survey software</div></a></div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-25903971849653070992021-10-11T10:53:00.001+02:002021-10-11T10:53:06.844+02:00Definitive goodbye - Fifty pictures from the sunken Ada Kaleh island<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOj1qijrghSUFCguap8xiqfEe7qy_eGXVh10LkY0vSTCgwik8QlXdHCWfDPNSWqA42M7DKbPiSf7x5SWMtw5vAgs1J3VuoPnXwRMrPm6XW-zE8mmH9AWx3l9I-pPjoVGZ-TQTzf4_it2oe/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco101.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="960" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOj1qijrghSUFCguap8xiqfEe7qy_eGXVh10LkY0vSTCgwik8QlXdHCWfDPNSWqA42M7DKbPiSf7x5SWMtw5vAgs1J3VuoPnXwRMrPm6XW-zE8mmH9AWx3l9I-pPjoVGZ-TQTzf4_it2oe/w640-h380/AdaKalehErgunKoco101.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/10/otven-kep-az-otven-eve-elsullyesztett.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Waiting for the end. This could be the title of Ergün Koco's photo series on the island of Ada Kaleh, which was forced to submerge in relation to the construction of the Iron Gates I. dam. Ergün was a local Turk who used his camera to take one last photo of his homeland before the expulsion and perhaps collecting old family photos. Most of his pictures show a bygone idyll with storm clouds gathering behind. The island seems to be going about its daily routine, but on the other side of the Danube, infrastructure is being cut into the hillside to adapt to the new water level. Busy hands hammer away brick-by-brick the caissons of the island's eponymous fortress, while the wind chases the clouds across the sky. The waves of the Danube are still coming ashore, but the time is not far off when these waves will begin to lap higher and higher ground. They reach the coastal herbage, hug the stumps of felled trees, cautiously enter the thresholds of abandoned, demolished houses, and then take possession of the corridors of the fortress with ever-quickening steps, creeping up the walls like enemies. This process did not take place day by day; the vast reservoir was only gradually filled by the swollen river around 1969-1971. That is why it is impossible to give a precise date for the flooding of Ada Kaleh, since years may have passed between the last inhabitant taking to the water and the highest point of the island disappearing into the swollen river. Ergün Koco's pictures must therefore have been taken sometime in the late 1960s.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div>The author photographed all the buildings that were familiar and dear to him, even going up to the minaret and the neighboring hills, taking pictures of his family, relatives living and dead, the interior of their old house, familiar corners, and paths. He has nearly two hundred pictures, all of them imbued with a sense of definitive goodbye. By then, everyone knew that there was no longer any place for them on the island. </div><div><br /></div><div>Finally, <a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/2013/10/between-woods-and-water-ada-kaleh.html" target="_blank">all was lost</a>. </div><div><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdfGQ9TYSz42ba-t4xvh7d0dNH6AsdIGQrEepWoB2wug9GAe3yQnDW-leB9LbSpjXvGIiLn6Ut82akf2XC5-mJRVoo20CfJtQRBDg2SOE0QrYy0ud9GNEZiI69CcZHkz9x1nGXZQc6yCq/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco6.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="960" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdfGQ9TYSz42ba-t4xvh7d0dNH6AsdIGQrEepWoB2wug9GAe3yQnDW-leB9LbSpjXvGIiLn6Ut82akf2XC5-mJRVoo20CfJtQRBDg2SOE0QrYy0ud9GNEZiI69CcZHkz9x1nGXZQc6yCq/w640-h408/AdaKalehErgunKoco6.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hYJCIHcOeVPNI37JaRtVdVH_8kyr1Oajj1RXyFMGSmLTuboPLuk83jhehWUoETqy_PfuXj9R_5z3wbgwrgYATKf2i0RuDUv_EjLOUN9RzFMzHARpERX8bp3yA7o7OCnq1Vd_bMk0dYdM/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco7.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="960" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hYJCIHcOeVPNI37JaRtVdVH_8kyr1Oajj1RXyFMGSmLTuboPLuk83jhehWUoETqy_PfuXj9R_5z3wbgwrgYATKf2i0RuDUv_EjLOUN9RzFMzHARpERX8bp3yA7o7OCnq1Vd_bMk0dYdM/w640-h408/AdaKalehErgunKoco7.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmIOw2RUOwnhsx9xQWx-gtjTzGCFH-0ghR5wU5M7jyzLYz45oGYJZhgDsQvoreK4cHN9p34DolXrX3XzELd1dk2qWrx1U5KO9kdDFHC5L4JoBgkZQEXxJuNz4vauY4X8UrSjVCTG-gLs6K/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco96.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="960" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmIOw2RUOwnhsx9xQWx-gtjTzGCFH-0ghR5wU5M7jyzLYz45oGYJZhgDsQvoreK4cHN9p34DolXrX3XzELd1dk2qWrx1U5KO9kdDFHC5L4JoBgkZQEXxJuNz4vauY4X8UrSjVCTG-gLs6K/w640-h424/AdaKalehErgunKoco96.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">4.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA_dQIQq2jirbW5eRpbSM5BbEYpzC4ZmEKiR-wyztnX7fvhxENdqj43CB9rCk0OvyPULNBYuWIpjFYlj5_p6pZghkInZ3WhCZQ2MMDeudwequ-RBh03aTNIR40drNV2NKRYG69yz99bJuP/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco9.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="960" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA_dQIQq2jirbW5eRpbSM5BbEYpzC4ZmEKiR-wyztnX7fvhxENdqj43CB9rCk0OvyPULNBYuWIpjFYlj5_p6pZghkInZ3WhCZQ2MMDeudwequ-RBh03aTNIR40drNV2NKRYG69yz99bJuP/w640-h414/AdaKalehErgunKoco9.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">5.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTfWJU4RfueLWWOi08fHqd5QpJH45G8jIt-bQ-R3QlubIMGPb4HZMmXUFlKqknm1Lxuhmy4I_ap5XCoT9nUHRKDTbbjsuRo7r5oJDQoTe3Q5gUCQwLylGNur-7prt1Om2MW-RFlLKKg-yS/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco14.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTfWJU4RfueLWWOi08fHqd5QpJH45G8jIt-bQ-R3QlubIMGPb4HZMmXUFlKqknm1Lxuhmy4I_ap5XCoT9nUHRKDTbbjsuRo7r5oJDQoTe3Q5gUCQwLylGNur-7prt1Om2MW-RFlLKKg-yS/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco14.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">6.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGfPuVDHxn7FXXOuFiwW3Bg0lkA3ZOvQUxN93-5Wbs1lc5Z2LR18MOp_j3bRXRLtyY0ySz5qQYUgsucubnHtre61lroDvrR5Fd6t3rVNyyHw5z49o2XcR-qSm2f3FERGZElrX3jOKn3rry/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco18.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="960" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGfPuVDHxn7FXXOuFiwW3Bg0lkA3ZOvQUxN93-5Wbs1lc5Z2LR18MOp_j3bRXRLtyY0ySz5qQYUgsucubnHtre61lroDvrR5Fd6t3rVNyyHw5z49o2XcR-qSm2f3FERGZElrX3jOKn3rry/w640-h386/AdaKalehErgunKoco18.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">7.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihWe444Xk8JhwKIgvE-xFTr9dT1MSEKGTkZ_eyREIjQxBj8Vc-nz6tD5n37q-KBkX2G3zLJkWzqXXEgCI4Blq4L1_Al0m7j7IyvrMyyfEf3ZQBcRfrqfarn3qjXVAotluzcK_rCMawdCYT/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco68.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihWe444Xk8JhwKIgvE-xFTr9dT1MSEKGTkZ_eyREIjQxBj8Vc-nz6tD5n37q-KBkX2G3zLJkWzqXXEgCI4Blq4L1_Al0m7j7IyvrMyyfEf3ZQBcRfrqfarn3qjXVAotluzcK_rCMawdCYT/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco68.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">8.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWI55fztrEhFOE4I30Q1TgQh7jhsXbxmQk27ilmFC_ePE6i0h-kqVKxLF7AjxCWHkAoZv4gB4smVL6ZQ0sEk43DH-_tooq6pJUUODzyu_5hk_TbO3v6bpsgvwwI6CNcvvgUS4Ob3nnAdOy/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco76.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWI55fztrEhFOE4I30Q1TgQh7jhsXbxmQk27ilmFC_ePE6i0h-kqVKxLF7AjxCWHkAoZv4gB4smVL6ZQ0sEk43DH-_tooq6pJUUODzyu_5hk_TbO3v6bpsgvwwI6CNcvvgUS4Ob3nnAdOy/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco76.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">9.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ9cT0-Dr83ZvhlcLRla_gE1QrV-Q4_FsYVO2kQE-kBM6WYorOXQv4o3LjnaVE4zmwBHFbKy5MIJ7FTapm_wWw8XBRud2_p_7uc8r7Qz0mbJ739Z67zknqUmFvS6qA6qK6vkmdxLzPjdAp/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco16.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ9cT0-Dr83ZvhlcLRla_gE1QrV-Q4_FsYVO2kQE-kBM6WYorOXQv4o3LjnaVE4zmwBHFbKy5MIJ7FTapm_wWw8XBRud2_p_7uc8r7Qz0mbJ739Z67zknqUmFvS6qA6qK6vkmdxLzPjdAp/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco16.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">10.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTV3oezcpQZamLjSOSBULkJ4HdnFliTZ12aOu1Fv_QJW30sAv4-XREiyXaZoH3iTGP0IHoWdZ51XKjYaPkee3TltFmHAFaatSs68HbBtfTkPdlBT5q8s8xSkBjj_5PLz2P6Pvedmbie_hE/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco19.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="960" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTV3oezcpQZamLjSOSBULkJ4HdnFliTZ12aOu1Fv_QJW30sAv4-XREiyXaZoH3iTGP0IHoWdZ51XKjYaPkee3TltFmHAFaatSs68HbBtfTkPdlBT5q8s8xSkBjj_5PLz2P6Pvedmbie_hE/w640-h412/AdaKalehErgunKoco19.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">11.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlFTZ3aFNmVfsh3Y9MZX3azt9VvxSPDDxTUw3lpgN626w9zA2iAgfE7v05bbFNMKIl442Gcqaa80Bd1pqEo6PaTVBrXimdKADp8Vgz03tP2Dto-yHUvG0Um2xy02WLCaP71uB92zUiZSV/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco12.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="960" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlFTZ3aFNmVfsh3Y9MZX3azt9VvxSPDDxTUw3lpgN626w9zA2iAgfE7v05bbFNMKIl442Gcqaa80Bd1pqEo6PaTVBrXimdKADp8Vgz03tP2Dto-yHUvG0Um2xy02WLCaP71uB92zUiZSV/w640-h372/AdaKalehErgunKoco12.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">12.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-G7hzrzZ1YS1j9cLn-aXC-idBZALVn2xMelHZKdejjIzTUcjg0yQ-_USvKx6po1DVXSCboEKerdbCb98lcBr-cO7TNRsGKMc_4ULesrHqcOgkyRG7j6E1ATPeo8Gd7YLIli4s0Twbm107/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco20.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="557" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-G7hzrzZ1YS1j9cLn-aXC-idBZALVn2xMelHZKdejjIzTUcjg0yQ-_USvKx6po1DVXSCboEKerdbCb98lcBr-cO7TNRsGKMc_4ULesrHqcOgkyRG7j6E1ATPeo8Gd7YLIli4s0Twbm107/w372-h640/AdaKalehErgunKoco20.jpg" width="372" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">13.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEz1nFByg1eRtFYyGIu8EhShda49pP0pJ9-WnWaLHZSqqxwbcXH1SvH3F2eqFv16IPjyZ6oyEUp5MpFMJm8I3kMcsGonFfAjeM1zDcWcuXUInRCtWJfWAhRCJixPpoJZvQA6nH4jWwuug4/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco22.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="960" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEz1nFByg1eRtFYyGIu8EhShda49pP0pJ9-WnWaLHZSqqxwbcXH1SvH3F2eqFv16IPjyZ6oyEUp5MpFMJm8I3kMcsGonFfAjeM1zDcWcuXUInRCtWJfWAhRCJixPpoJZvQA6nH4jWwuug4/w640-h408/AdaKalehErgunKoco22.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">14.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkDv3up7mTB8VIEUAE36Pwq4o8TLqKgypraqvH2uNt8nD_-0Qc85sMx38gVOI5Mnm_QS4ovfVo60PX3hi6gltobZvt1WHO-G1zwOgHgCJeE6_8rFQ7Wqoia5bc0FBn55ufkXW18jknm4N/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco25.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="960" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkDv3up7mTB8VIEUAE36Pwq4o8TLqKgypraqvH2uNt8nD_-0Qc85sMx38gVOI5Mnm_QS4ovfVo60PX3hi6gltobZvt1WHO-G1zwOgHgCJeE6_8rFQ7Wqoia5bc0FBn55ufkXW18jknm4N/w640-h406/AdaKalehErgunKoco25.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">15.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVtWrwO9ik5H325-3ljthgOoPjlij5vSYenNqEhc3lnmTOa8KdYYq_G_QB1rUy005w264T5mFiz3Bc0naR4sgnu5zDsyg5G4JDaCgpABwhG9STDEcMv2Q1kC9vT4_hs317VYZzf-IFPAr9/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco28.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="960" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVtWrwO9ik5H325-3ljthgOoPjlij5vSYenNqEhc3lnmTOa8KdYYq_G_QB1rUy005w264T5mFiz3Bc0naR4sgnu5zDsyg5G4JDaCgpABwhG9STDEcMv2Q1kC9vT4_hs317VYZzf-IFPAr9/w640-h394/AdaKalehErgunKoco28.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">16.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_gpcsbUlxasJwjQZnys6QTH9IUVC8rTNAQSec3MKimtQ_8RMKizw4V4B2qPjwYrKPGgQHJm28YNLD0HlP1idZCG_mkWw4tJWP1b939Rq3iFyMUfIlGUK5JKcrKmFM7SlQkQd2goO_N-Ll/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco30.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="960" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_gpcsbUlxasJwjQZnys6QTH9IUVC8rTNAQSec3MKimtQ_8RMKizw4V4B2qPjwYrKPGgQHJm28YNLD0HlP1idZCG_mkWw4tJWP1b939Rq3iFyMUfIlGUK5JKcrKmFM7SlQkQd2goO_N-Ll/w640-h430/AdaKalehErgunKoco30.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkfO-68jNUbUNuD9NYEoFAVtqpKrxWBpd0x5R7bygxPXMwElCN8InjdXNyxdnuyRQRVPs8RE6zivpJ8St0k-9XUWSLc6927ws_CKngpSRECSCr7m1VVyOQ0GM7p75Fv9rrWyuyIISLtE5/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco31.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="960" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkfO-68jNUbUNuD9NYEoFAVtqpKrxWBpd0x5R7bygxPXMwElCN8InjdXNyxdnuyRQRVPs8RE6zivpJ8St0k-9XUWSLc6927ws_CKngpSRECSCr7m1VVyOQ0GM7p75Fv9rrWyuyIISLtE5/w640-h414/AdaKalehErgunKoco31.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrBLhM6UNeOMXYVXnSBF9wZCi9AFR2qIKc_-7PpfPuefVyFknmc9tbmJ7jMpmGVGqaDWQetowoTAEh3VMtjVgnuIYGrOx8zGPS9Dg84f-v_HquI8by5syT02SW7A2PDbxPY6gYvLFNPmww/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco32.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="960" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrBLhM6UNeOMXYVXnSBF9wZCi9AFR2qIKc_-7PpfPuefVyFknmc9tbmJ7jMpmGVGqaDWQetowoTAEh3VMtjVgnuIYGrOx8zGPS9Dg84f-v_HquI8by5syT02SW7A2PDbxPY6gYvLFNPmww/w640-h380/AdaKalehErgunKoco32.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">19.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV2IRfojjViLy7XudTXPW6Keh7BC_cryQmhvz9L61vpDxDLy7w1rqkZJsNPByQnBzKSgs9QUAfF9TESKHv_wnpepsB637TREsFvfbrN4AAcmEo0EGvFM2ql9w9qyx-NEiYz0T3I8sSYEPP/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco35.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="960" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV2IRfojjViLy7XudTXPW6Keh7BC_cryQmhvz9L61vpDxDLy7w1rqkZJsNPByQnBzKSgs9QUAfF9TESKHv_wnpepsB637TREsFvfbrN4AAcmEo0EGvFM2ql9w9qyx-NEiYz0T3I8sSYEPP/w640-h418/AdaKalehErgunKoco35.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">20.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwtbReG5hOS2O4gWndcWj6Eb68VEZR9Ykt-1ZZQQnwpSnfW2T9cP0xGJ4zJLhYSUzpgqlPyWsJcgDLq_bHFygL5KZ16gzfdzJdXIgRJ5WZXSjzP78VkiAZ2LdTVMCtgspowhoY0pBy_Arv/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco37.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="960" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwtbReG5hOS2O4gWndcWj6Eb68VEZR9Ykt-1ZZQQnwpSnfW2T9cP0xGJ4zJLhYSUzpgqlPyWsJcgDLq_bHFygL5KZ16gzfdzJdXIgRJ5WZXSjzP78VkiAZ2LdTVMCtgspowhoY0pBy_Arv/w640-h386/AdaKalehErgunKoco37.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">21.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4tZDbTMZKILblhbwQY-ME7X8ZDWjoC4S0oNJLMbDOovDXG3WZAcUM-eiiwFzko5oC1ZR-33gpGQD6wIEvjKjkoxkPbyxvzaABv4eirPn8cMWsPcM-AjCVpjRBGn2PJm-E-tdjucyfZzp-/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco39.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="960" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4tZDbTMZKILblhbwQY-ME7X8ZDWjoC4S0oNJLMbDOovDXG3WZAcUM-eiiwFzko5oC1ZR-33gpGQD6wIEvjKjkoxkPbyxvzaABv4eirPn8cMWsPcM-AjCVpjRBGn2PJm-E-tdjucyfZzp-/w640-h414/AdaKalehErgunKoco39.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">22.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnkLL-XhAAgKmSZUlyuL2NAZaX1jRSVO60913B1YQd9mRK7RWPlVExjcwSKMq52L9UOK2nH39XI4yycQnTeGCMpommiu43ZMFkNrpInYz5j90R5ikzMVBZz-r4C0yOheMQ5eLl6bLp-q60/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco41.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnkLL-XhAAgKmSZUlyuL2NAZaX1jRSVO60913B1YQd9mRK7RWPlVExjcwSKMq52L9UOK2nH39XI4yycQnTeGCMpommiu43ZMFkNrpInYz5j90R5ikzMVBZz-r4C0yOheMQ5eLl6bLp-q60/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco41.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">23.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMtUi_5iNagr-ABgmVKi4y5uUyhFHeDpVK0lpwPGgux9ZrEXNXXzOA54JHcJ9mhX2j0PK_CvHO8C-WNt4Q2B93XmF0hoxk6vRfWeb7Dt40lhH_EjWj_ifUtmv3q6KJFcK27L-NdxZa3Hrb/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco46.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="960" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMtUi_5iNagr-ABgmVKi4y5uUyhFHeDpVK0lpwPGgux9ZrEXNXXzOA54JHcJ9mhX2j0PK_CvHO8C-WNt4Q2B93XmF0hoxk6vRfWeb7Dt40lhH_EjWj_ifUtmv3q6KJFcK27L-NdxZa3Hrb/w640-h432/AdaKalehErgunKoco46.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">24.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRDVcJEbBIG4HiFIcVXxgNK-LBcFCnvEO43zXOUU79Ghedp05-TP4X43ADGGTcCQLGSnFPrZVBCrAcMbIfGOLrvsP63d7fe6-j9LHSaMuYm6HiBllOfY_e462KdbJ0LEqZO_OCtuzEj63L/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco48.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="960" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRDVcJEbBIG4HiFIcVXxgNK-LBcFCnvEO43zXOUU79Ghedp05-TP4X43ADGGTcCQLGSnFPrZVBCrAcMbIfGOLrvsP63d7fe6-j9LHSaMuYm6HiBllOfY_e462KdbJ0LEqZO_OCtuzEj63L/w640-h424/AdaKalehErgunKoco48.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">25.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGLT9ghcLLLJmDI8RTM3gRj_FlYR-hE_SCCMSIWaOAU1t90zJts1uawtMtHbfmhKMEmacs9sQv-pYBByZn5aMd7I3PSU-2gML72-SIA8zg_UaPCkUA15rX6wzUYGOvgA2EwRlx25CKnUCw/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco49.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="960" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGLT9ghcLLLJmDI8RTM3gRj_FlYR-hE_SCCMSIWaOAU1t90zJts1uawtMtHbfmhKMEmacs9sQv-pYBByZn5aMd7I3PSU-2gML72-SIA8zg_UaPCkUA15rX6wzUYGOvgA2EwRlx25CKnUCw/w640-h424/AdaKalehErgunKoco49.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">26.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhulFT49RTiPcETTVD0oa2bvdCQ-Y_X88KNvTHfLPWEJZFG9ygqjCfuyvyI3tnFD4nX5Qn1hD3dM_pVD8kX8PmgcGS9GAdXwANbRvKVpkUTxPM9rsQVUADM9y8bU7e7EpbS-NLdl2xN18pK/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco51.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="960" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhulFT49RTiPcETTVD0oa2bvdCQ-Y_X88KNvTHfLPWEJZFG9ygqjCfuyvyI3tnFD4nX5Qn1hD3dM_pVD8kX8PmgcGS9GAdXwANbRvKVpkUTxPM9rsQVUADM9y8bU7e7EpbS-NLdl2xN18pK/w640-h430/AdaKalehErgunKoco51.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">27.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixzmHrO6d6CkIrtQdv3ZMcV_04Cq60Bp4gqCb7ibeG77AU2UoKb8TvPwISc1hTWqDBqY6tDyVwNL3c77ltq6Da86J0x3_thdpxlZInx4ZY8Mkxf67xByHUsqF5-4bq7WrlSx1Cbw9ho2Ar/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco54.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixzmHrO6d6CkIrtQdv3ZMcV_04Cq60Bp4gqCb7ibeG77AU2UoKb8TvPwISc1hTWqDBqY6tDyVwNL3c77ltq6Da86J0x3_thdpxlZInx4ZY8Mkxf67xByHUsqF5-4bq7WrlSx1Cbw9ho2Ar/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco54.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">28.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFIYSEFmT65iELwW_GNnPsTNyGZZEKbVmlXcucya2lKeSIqScleaBlPM4yQsFjQP1FDsnmw1y-tBrwuT1LX9CskHIzVeL1wazTL_npI8B2aZIb1NRkkBBYqwpcuD5oh8nwFsqK5Qm9HoJ/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco56.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFIYSEFmT65iELwW_GNnPsTNyGZZEKbVmlXcucya2lKeSIqScleaBlPM4yQsFjQP1FDsnmw1y-tBrwuT1LX9CskHIzVeL1wazTL_npI8B2aZIb1NRkkBBYqwpcuD5oh8nwFsqK5Qm9HoJ/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco56.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">29.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ZbC6edeoG-Q_40TCTcw3yAwLKynrAlwXJEi2UQ9q8p9924CU7zd0ROaQWVYHi0mJI8wuc_Lejt6uRzg7l_Ls5UxeXyJYEs-Yciel6-pLHDZKW7gcfTfm1IVCO_lfa1RkK7AgM8P2WHW5/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco57.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="960" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ZbC6edeoG-Q_40TCTcw3yAwLKynrAlwXJEi2UQ9q8p9924CU7zd0ROaQWVYHi0mJI8wuc_Lejt6uRzg7l_Ls5UxeXyJYEs-Yciel6-pLHDZKW7gcfTfm1IVCO_lfa1RkK7AgM8P2WHW5/w640-h432/AdaKalehErgunKoco57.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">30.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAELAICg0Jh7ish26f6YsiG9kG3oarDw5JM09NSpSd6NeZNs6iqGvGnqXU1SK-_plDEO8ZUCgSYSPd9TwkoUv85zcfOi_09PHuv6LOyNwfvHUfQxwMcMFQ5H2qCE0F-BRB2Zgsfz9UWFK/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco59.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="960" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAELAICg0Jh7ish26f6YsiG9kG3oarDw5JM09NSpSd6NeZNs6iqGvGnqXU1SK-_plDEO8ZUCgSYSPd9TwkoUv85zcfOi_09PHuv6LOyNwfvHUfQxwMcMFQ5H2qCE0F-BRB2Zgsfz9UWFK/w640-h386/AdaKalehErgunKoco59.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">31.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauUsVQgZ0ymkHoI1kVCDEQnveC_U1s_oV1fHOlRVAhOklgHw1m6yN72kic2PHCbhcyUgX0mL2JkOQhT4f_SmDQd0NdKPXqCIlIJscSHJFkuDp7HDw2Aj4ePVKvf9K5iiThgMCCbkYgGHE/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco60.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="960" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauUsVQgZ0ymkHoI1kVCDEQnveC_U1s_oV1fHOlRVAhOklgHw1m6yN72kic2PHCbhcyUgX0mL2JkOQhT4f_SmDQd0NdKPXqCIlIJscSHJFkuDp7HDw2Aj4ePVKvf9K5iiThgMCCbkYgGHE/w640-h412/AdaKalehErgunKoco60.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">32.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GacQjs0_teu1MlZwTpsCNdGm57enjh4HBVOyducufXlBPncVQOfWbrcyiWEbTsHwQgGdpqxs3AuG4wLza-v_kEBKhVxYVY6v7KuyVJgJVJ5_vFMpCWYBb6zHeLEPZTuRQLY2GvKBTe_M/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco61.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="960" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GacQjs0_teu1MlZwTpsCNdGm57enjh4HBVOyducufXlBPncVQOfWbrcyiWEbTsHwQgGdpqxs3AuG4wLza-v_kEBKhVxYVY6v7KuyVJgJVJ5_vFMpCWYBb6zHeLEPZTuRQLY2GvKBTe_M/w640-h434/AdaKalehErgunKoco61.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">33.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihvj_o7alr88ImRqVjmMdSyLdU7qPctjPRYqmmNo9AWTqdOhC59W3dd1FPgkw_f3G5y5eKGx4ChpWectb-njyhLzpiPWbqbLKvapIcI0TprOgPnXI4o3gAlX-STreVXVu1fM50hMd3Zkbk/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco62.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="617" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihvj_o7alr88ImRqVjmMdSyLdU7qPctjPRYqmmNo9AWTqdOhC59W3dd1FPgkw_f3G5y5eKGx4ChpWectb-njyhLzpiPWbqbLKvapIcI0TprOgPnXI4o3gAlX-STreVXVu1fM50hMd3Zkbk/w412-h640/AdaKalehErgunKoco62.jpg" width="412" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">34.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYT7ZQCCrTPQcIrkZGehv-npte1PwgdMmGYffBn7Ciwlx9aw-tWhzaZ8bzgNx-cfQ_eVra3aicETAqPy8kzq18IyR8tEgg5yTcXfaAgZ7dQl_SQHvt6mFWgXbbiKXmoWigZbLhM6Nt6ZT5/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco65.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="960" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYT7ZQCCrTPQcIrkZGehv-npte1PwgdMmGYffBn7Ciwlx9aw-tWhzaZ8bzgNx-cfQ_eVra3aicETAqPy8kzq18IyR8tEgg5yTcXfaAgZ7dQl_SQHvt6mFWgXbbiKXmoWigZbLhM6Nt6ZT5/w640-h430/AdaKalehErgunKoco65.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">35.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnW5djNbW3O5FSwpKgTXyLoe4D_yywKv-76_2BZSbPuBgnC_TIHOd8avC0jscCMmfC291snYd3NuW7BTApXwDE9HcgBZFts-6sMgduynHCGu5e78HBeGefkAp-XU_OAaeaqGet0F5c1_n/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco67.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="960" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnW5djNbW3O5FSwpKgTXyLoe4D_yywKv-76_2BZSbPuBgnC_TIHOd8avC0jscCMmfC291snYd3NuW7BTApXwDE9HcgBZFts-6sMgduynHCGu5e78HBeGefkAp-XU_OAaeaqGet0F5c1_n/w640-h372/AdaKalehErgunKoco67.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">36.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixPGMYgn6MWCM-gLtVCGKoQ1xzZoor37h0BwWUSxNZSHSXDx1Y7LGZfAH7euSTuAzngVxzIP1OFVxicx05qMwLO2n2_8KPOosVIdoPlM6s5BW1Mlut57u_9uvaiepzcdAo7GOXdjCy1wyy/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco71.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="960" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixPGMYgn6MWCM-gLtVCGKoQ1xzZoor37h0BwWUSxNZSHSXDx1Y7LGZfAH7euSTuAzngVxzIP1OFVxicx05qMwLO2n2_8KPOosVIdoPlM6s5BW1Mlut57u_9uvaiepzcdAo7GOXdjCy1wyy/w640-h428/AdaKalehErgunKoco71.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">37.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-f8MvQ5X9IG34w8wY-2k11ic2anFbxVoWTL5XDFylFeO-brLSi6zH0YJWgQEKXnXVYfIl7sEmibOEjattBQATfCttWcsriSPY64y8nmjv4qf8s_wPmUVgso0vRqn2PQywqJmIbPc8XUe2/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco75.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="960" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-f8MvQ5X9IG34w8wY-2k11ic2anFbxVoWTL5XDFylFeO-brLSi6zH0YJWgQEKXnXVYfIl7sEmibOEjattBQATfCttWcsriSPY64y8nmjv4qf8s_wPmUVgso0vRqn2PQywqJmIbPc8XUe2/w640-h426/AdaKalehErgunKoco75.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">38.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNyduC3YEzMmKx2l235t39pK9gh7TT9d9NKw7Kgyx5kdvixJ5dASwGuEMhRP55nMmHyshK_Wij_LbMzLf9KdzItzFhIqU9fN9Gq1aMaKqMdSWKS7kbtb9DquZ_g6YMxkqul9Ca9Fmtvd3x/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco77.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="960" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNyduC3YEzMmKx2l235t39pK9gh7TT9d9NKw7Kgyx5kdvixJ5dASwGuEMhRP55nMmHyshK_Wij_LbMzLf9KdzItzFhIqU9fN9Gq1aMaKqMdSWKS7kbtb9DquZ_g6YMxkqul9Ca9Fmtvd3x/w640-h412/AdaKalehErgunKoco77.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">39.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFdhorRZvc8jld0jgn2h9v0cxyNgzay5V423HnipPYpuXKSKceWDFpC6-VTUsAbbg3p8xR8LzWPmBZhM5b_gMDSvP8jDt0hKZeLdqafxgLyMlaig-umwgbhrM2toq9-4PwbG8ucqQSNzWj/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco78.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="960" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFdhorRZvc8jld0jgn2h9v0cxyNgzay5V423HnipPYpuXKSKceWDFpC6-VTUsAbbg3p8xR8LzWPmBZhM5b_gMDSvP8jDt0hKZeLdqafxgLyMlaig-umwgbhrM2toq9-4PwbG8ucqQSNzWj/w640-h412/AdaKalehErgunKoco78.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">40.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx1mfxrFWg6YYyXqmmwwbEKnCynmfAGomV3Vm2nmxnqm3yTRJ5cp70sHDYUp9OdtgDnTCz2mi5WN2Fe0ca5wXygihprM_Qzvwn09mBwajZ_FiWgJBVpKcLTyCuWVEPTv3pASIVGuB1OwDu/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco81.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="960" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx1mfxrFWg6YYyXqmmwwbEKnCynmfAGomV3Vm2nmxnqm3yTRJ5cp70sHDYUp9OdtgDnTCz2mi5WN2Fe0ca5wXygihprM_Qzvwn09mBwajZ_FiWgJBVpKcLTyCuWVEPTv3pASIVGuB1OwDu/w640-h408/AdaKalehErgunKoco81.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">41.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ZycOQHuTsTTkFG83_zIXCeFyHHOiMtp7Q97LkOyCwCqqgQMBPyU4RcoKX1FQg8hhx-zdVmsdwpJek84D50eMXGHwlq982l89kG0lXkrhKrmzGwtRF9anAJe3ZXaRj5xW0mzcpsHwQnzg/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco82.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ZycOQHuTsTTkFG83_zIXCeFyHHOiMtp7Q97LkOyCwCqqgQMBPyU4RcoKX1FQg8hhx-zdVmsdwpJek84D50eMXGHwlq982l89kG0lXkrhKrmzGwtRF9anAJe3ZXaRj5xW0mzcpsHwQnzg/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco82.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">42.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUjGFBSPu1ChULWQ5hQixOgrVXScr_4Gxtcyq9T79Zh3N-DDidtYHrTB6h7p3nKomGrErhlPxfnGhYtM89BD_1sWp1beihqFw-5qTJsqAL20HrC9S1bPotfIYYirFx1jbb5C-04defADs/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco83.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="960" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUjGFBSPu1ChULWQ5hQixOgrVXScr_4Gxtcyq9T79Zh3N-DDidtYHrTB6h7p3nKomGrErhlPxfnGhYtM89BD_1sWp1beihqFw-5qTJsqAL20HrC9S1bPotfIYYirFx1jbb5C-04defADs/w640-h414/AdaKalehErgunKoco83.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">43.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5lUm-GBOGjtTOnVXge_WgUbQGA6AA522ZquPqedv9glpP6uNosAV-rVSFfK0-ga4GPxknJkuElz3NnlblrfQ5U92RfUx2JOKvCHVbbd_uEwqEEVZVxmxoIsWJwr7F-1bzWoiJTovVZrlu/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco85.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="960" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5lUm-GBOGjtTOnVXge_WgUbQGA6AA522ZquPqedv9glpP6uNosAV-rVSFfK0-ga4GPxknJkuElz3NnlblrfQ5U92RfUx2JOKvCHVbbd_uEwqEEVZVxmxoIsWJwr7F-1bzWoiJTovVZrlu/w640-h418/AdaKalehErgunKoco85.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">44.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSTjTkE4PQEQiIPPttdpbW7DuJsUiqgyBe5NjLsIw-7PLdIBjs1lkfTWr2dN2uAYaEnrmKz-jg_GrYR-tP1UQnY4D96J1kSzQnE8yICSWeAHF7Trs1VBUPsyQKuRcc_VOOIfP8Fj2O-kYX/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco86.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="960" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSTjTkE4PQEQiIPPttdpbW7DuJsUiqgyBe5NjLsIw-7PLdIBjs1lkfTWr2dN2uAYaEnrmKz-jg_GrYR-tP1UQnY4D96J1kSzQnE8yICSWeAHF7Trs1VBUPsyQKuRcc_VOOIfP8Fj2O-kYX/w640-h414/AdaKalehErgunKoco86.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">45.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi48_d6-Q8CWO3sZqA8YszGekUOGdtwR1PmGH_Ii-Wg8SqTJIutiitTjqNll3xShT9FVKRJgPCmQiRllCQKQL8MTEAAvkWauDD3Q-BNG5YbxFqZ6X09JffAxhuglMcJJvInWYtYu3CKLp7q/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco88.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi48_d6-Q8CWO3sZqA8YszGekUOGdtwR1PmGH_Ii-Wg8SqTJIutiitTjqNll3xShT9FVKRJgPCmQiRllCQKQL8MTEAAvkWauDD3Q-BNG5YbxFqZ6X09JffAxhuglMcJJvInWYtYu3CKLp7q/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco88.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">46.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9enYbPHofpdOFGIElV5r_Q-L-Ip790pkRFR4l6C87VACxAC0yaoVLRx_xe1PHGOTrFQxZ5MShEvcTTOqJzhwPryR5O4js-xr29Z2K2GA9UPAkbthqxDdlT98lZSi1tumd1OUpxwyEIAAm/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco92.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="960" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9enYbPHofpdOFGIElV5r_Q-L-Ip790pkRFR4l6C87VACxAC0yaoVLRx_xe1PHGOTrFQxZ5MShEvcTTOqJzhwPryR5O4js-xr29Z2K2GA9UPAkbthqxDdlT98lZSi1tumd1OUpxwyEIAAm/w640-h412/AdaKalehErgunKoco92.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">47.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs1dSm_OcYOflzhtzGMp0Qn8apkz6jdqmjuCiMdMhAAhIxiH8KP2Ukuhyphenhyphenu7_uRZC7YLCR-MmBedvFQ5Hd0fOYRGg-DW5IAFp2amTgsD1E7X77NpNg8aJdgzRP7KjDJpwmjoUBgDNjLrTIu/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco94.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="960" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs1dSm_OcYOflzhtzGMp0Qn8apkz6jdqmjuCiMdMhAAhIxiH8KP2Ukuhyphenhyphenu7_uRZC7YLCR-MmBedvFQ5Hd0fOYRGg-DW5IAFp2amTgsD1E7X77NpNg8aJdgzRP7KjDJpwmjoUBgDNjLrTIu/w640-h426/AdaKalehErgunKoco94.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">48.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil9x0Bsf5lBc9HB2l63NiWzirDIzr64HmXzDF-MvRkWzqrvEJiZ7oOp4YPb5fZtVs-F_9ONstLezrnmpJPkBCDKc14I54CMLht7a1dLSslrCJ_RDm3s4tHoh_KDTGp_fz7qXhSHoaQWvo2/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco98.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="960" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil9x0Bsf5lBc9HB2l63NiWzirDIzr64HmXzDF-MvRkWzqrvEJiZ7oOp4YPb5fZtVs-F_9ONstLezrnmpJPkBCDKc14I54CMLht7a1dLSslrCJ_RDm3s4tHoh_KDTGp_fz7qXhSHoaQWvo2/w640-h402/AdaKalehErgunKoco98.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">49.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9qhMhUKGtZpDhLDuARo8knBEHh217d05cYA6nwGn1EP3Uhy-HVBqAoV7JqL3TLJtj7rZ7M5yyi9M2B0b4kwPkByp002K3eGHW4iRPzAMSODzF0U3B5C-CKdmWDEwUO-KcTwfYo-8abR_d/s960/AdaKalehErgunKoco93.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="960" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9qhMhUKGtZpDhLDuARo8knBEHh217d05cYA6nwGn1EP3Uhy-HVBqAoV7JqL3TLJtj7rZ7M5yyi9M2B0b4kwPkByp002K3eGHW4iRPzAMSODzF0U3B5C-CKdmWDEwUO-KcTwfYo-8abR_d/w640-h410/AdaKalehErgunKoco93.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>More stories on the sunken island, Ada Keleh: </p><p><a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/search/label/Ada%20Kaleh">https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/search/label/Ada%20Kaleh</a></p>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-22872640998996154592021-10-01T10:28:00.011+02:002021-10-12T12:02:35.562+02:00Qualifying round of the "Danubian Island of the year 2021" voting<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2021/10/az-ev-dunai-szigete-szavazas.html" target="_blank">HUNGARAIAN</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Time has come again to cast your vote for the Danubian Island of the Year. This will be the ninth year we start this contest. As a tradition, our readers can nominate their favorite islands, and then it is upon them which two Danubian Islands will qualify for the finals. As usual, there are 3 islands in the final, the 3rd one is nominated by the Donauinseln blog. The qualifying round ends at noon on the 12th of October 2021. On the next day, we start the finals which end on the last day of 2021.</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSj1lQjtnJ6lYz9h1Sqwd-YUq_yKkXHl3D3X8taq2vNXUOdgwFSc0dMERwRMqwmTNz9tzyvPOlT2exumt71-bvZiQE1mOebKRNSZmvl7ieiExlzB20PF1Xcpg0GjTmBqixoxPrNeAPGE0a/s1124/1986fentrol.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="1124" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSj1lQjtnJ6lYz9h1Sqwd-YUq_yKkXHl3D3X8taq2vNXUOdgwFSc0dMERwRMqwmTNz9tzyvPOlT2exumt71-bvZiQE1mOebKRNSZmvl7ieiExlzB20PF1Xcpg0GjTmBqixoxPrNeAPGE0a/w640-h468/1986fentrol.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Winner of 2020., the Kerekzátony island at Ráckeve</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This year you can choose between seven Hungarian, one Austrian and one Serbo-Croatian island. This latter is interesting because it is contested between Serbia and Croatia, because of the two countries' different views on the Danubian border. I hope you can select your favorite nominee for the finals from the nine islands!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Let me introduce the nominated islands in alphabetical order:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUOEonMkqLCBiRJtkeV60jJpHNSG4Eg0DjwW_OK5XK35KGm-ZKIz9irDlYKs-5kc6I9dyLQQOx2Ao6102LZ69J97ny6Wv9671Vqtk9mj7-8KTEj35i-4Bk0n3DZxvkYcc8o6UadipPAgKc/w640-h348/angyali.jpg" /></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Angyali island</b>, Ráckeve. Position: 47.192922, 18.954102</div><div><br /></div><div>Holiday island on the Soroksári-Dunan, north of Ráckeve. According to local legends, it got its name from King Matthias I of Hungary, who called it an 'angelic' place when he visited it. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywyrQw0mUzHvRYH2JHotjc5tDoeLNFMM4HlTTf0NfIch_du87dssHu0aODg9-SqUPshz6OHG78RauosHa43l1_Zcbm1KMbLO8zv0G1MQQ3zKzaSAOrHci-yvhlb4nUeuZ1FCpKdTGEzYz/s952/Insula_Csepel_2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="639" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywyrQw0mUzHvRYH2JHotjc5tDoeLNFMM4HlTTf0NfIch_du87dssHu0aODg9-SqUPshz6OHG78RauosHa43l1_Zcbm1KMbLO8zv0G1MQQ3zKzaSAOrHci-yvhlb4nUeuZ1FCpKdTGEzYz/w430-h640/Insula_Csepel_2.png" width="430" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><b>Csepel island</b>. Position: 47.285565, 18.958673</div><div><br /></div><div>It is one of the largest islands in the Danube, despite the fact that its eastern branch was closed in 1872. It has 12 municipalities, including one district of Budapest, which covers the northern part of the island. </div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8tjldZDSUnmzHL9UfisVBJTtXYRxbCOwmE-BzxXRoaqE362sy9yPBnWa4uiG_zym9KBr83398-BDiMnv6L-3dFTGfOLycBjjyl-BBw6Cg63qWdZv5e_qYMLvn-HM9K_GNMQn73rO6BBrA/s718/Csitri1969.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="718" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8tjldZDSUnmzHL9UfisVBJTtXYRxbCOwmE-BzxXRoaqE362sy9yPBnWa4uiG_zym9KBr83398-BDiMnv6L-3dFTGfOLycBjjyl-BBw6Cg63qWdZv5e_qYMLvn-HM9K_GNMQn73rO6BBrA/w640-h434/Csitri1969.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Csitri island</b>, Esztergom. Position: 47.762243, 18.688559</div><div><br /></div><div>It is a small but old island, the second smallest island in the Táti archipelago. Interestingly, 'the little girl' is surrounded on both sides by a tributary of the Danube. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDq5PP1D5xY6OYBLCXHGlvs6YZs_M0oJcT0j_tHxAa0j0eIaDMQD_lmXCptrJagtF1PylJshHo_TYCtKXBhvXiMGDUBLK2P5CYedCgN69nFlA05E0ONlbLwCPrcKdOIux6KEtXuCLxobK/s638/dunaretisziget.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="638" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDq5PP1D5xY6OYBLCXHGlvs6YZs_M0oJcT0j_tHxAa0j0eIaDMQD_lmXCptrJagtF1PylJshHo_TYCtKXBhvXiMGDUBLK2P5CYedCgN69nFlA05E0ONlbLwCPrcKdOIux6KEtXuCLxobK/w640-h506/dunaretisziget.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Dunaréti island</b>, Kismaros. Position: 47.821894, 19.001278</div><div><br /></div><div>The Dunaréti island near Kismaros no longer exists, it was connected to the coast in the 19th century. It is currently crossed by the Budapest-Szob Eurovelo 6 cycle route. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32PBs6VrLpMe4ApcwMl6iX0tleUCKoLnzvJOpTA1qz-COTM0md2bVp2gpBGBMwvNGhL19LfNnbyHYOqyRlgDBtS8M8764fajj98dcrKvDowq2r7OB3EDbxIwleX8mtz0hpv0vKTTRXoJi/s2048/koppany_DSC06516.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32PBs6VrLpMe4ApcwMl6iX0tleUCKoLnzvJOpTA1qz-COTM0md2bVp2gpBGBMwvNGhL19LfNnbyHYOqyRlgDBtS8M8764fajj98dcrKvDowq2r7OB3EDbxIwleX8mtz0hpv0vKTTRXoJi/w640-h480/koppany_DSC06516.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Koppánymonostori island</b>, Komárom. Position: 47.753536, 18.036960</div><div><br /></div><div>Named after Komárom's Koppánymonostor district, this four-part Danube island was long ago connected to the right bank by river regulation but still receives water from an underground tunnel.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEwEjZpyx70nOKGmkegJvw9g7PHf-WbtAfL0pWdD-OcU-h1AecnsXZWZqlGsA-f14e-6hiM0txtLSb7TcjTxO94PAYy1g_qk619TEBW4KM2Q31pWKkys0vPaI6GcO_649yZoDQ6zb7hRA/s1091/kortvelyesszig.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="1091" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEwEjZpyx70nOKGmkegJvw9g7PHf-WbtAfL0pWdD-OcU-h1AecnsXZWZqlGsA-f14e-6hiM0txtLSb7TcjTxO94PAYy1g_qk619TEBW4KM2Q31pWKkys0vPaI6GcO_649yZoDQ6zb7hRA/w640-h412/kortvelyesszig.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><b>Körtvélyes island</b>, Esztergom és Tát. Position: 47.753972, 18.677706</div><div><br /></div><div>Although the name refers to a grove of woods, the best hay in the area was produced by the reapers of Körtvélyesi Island. The largest member of the Táti group of islands, it is the southern neighbor of the also-nominated Csitri Island. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ELwp_sk77tLqma7j2dUcXXXlfLIi-HtyHLmUdRip76cs5RFfBopuWrhZP_lvn4R99VnHLYnLtT3mj9MJ05PLa80xzxi8b64lC2xdaDfLUfcDTwdLqyaH85zXLvlcEPfJiYHtxoAKnHsY/s377/sprud.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ELwp_sk77tLqma7j2dUcXXXlfLIi-HtyHLmUdRip76cs5RFfBopuWrhZP_lvn4R99VnHLYnLtT3mj9MJ05PLa80xzxi8b64lC2xdaDfLUfcDTwdLqyaH85zXLvlcEPfJiYHtxoAKnHsY/s16000/sprud.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div><b>Sprud</b>, Zmajevac, HR/Bački Monoštor, SRB. Position: 45.790459, 18.859473</div><div><br /></div><div>Its name means Sandbar. The island formed from a sandbar is located north of the large island of Siga, known as Liberland, and is disputed by Serbia and Croatia.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3BFU_18Gh3WB3YmqpOmv-NL0Tft2NaN6izjHR5gd-agQikLVSrZtP8J0MHUapvJDADrleOy65oYiyBswwlPh6VzMUF7en7FU-2KbdjdgvxWITWHe6kAJV8qlhK3uJo1l2ggh4AYpRvqV/s1600/tizfas2015.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1137" data-original-width="1600" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3BFU_18Gh3WB3YmqpOmv-NL0Tft2NaN6izjHR5gd-agQikLVSrZtP8J0MHUapvJDADrleOy65oYiyBswwlPh6VzMUF7en7FU-2KbdjdgvxWITWHe6kAJV8qlhK3uJo1l2ggh4AYpRvqV/w640-h454/tizfas2015.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Tízfás island</b>, Rácalmás. Position: 47.025152, 18.949327</div><div><br /></div><div>There is a small island on the Rácalmási Danube, south of the bridge by the harbor, which is threatened not only by beavers but also by people.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm3EHrfsd5KNlkufvNTm7jSGKQrVFaed-3B_DRqyhWRTCe-lPBebYt9x2_B2WTnUoGE-cchhXlQYyA1LtKFHh82g7mc2vsiKQn4fULJCjD1gSa3bGXsiHkjQIr-HmXSdN-oeEkONHFE9th/s850/19260701-140000_alte_postkarte_der_ruine_werfenstein_und_vom_woerthkreuz_auf_der_insel_woerth.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="850" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm3EHrfsd5KNlkufvNTm7jSGKQrVFaed-3B_DRqyhWRTCe-lPBebYt9x2_B2WTnUoGE-cchhXlQYyA1LtKFHh82g7mc2vsiKQn4fULJCjD1gSa3bGXsiHkjQIr-HmXSdN-oeEkONHFE9th/w640-h408/19260701-140000_alte_postkarte_der_ruine_werfenstein_und_vom_woerthkreuz_auf_der_insel_woerth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><b>Insel Wörth</b>, Hößgang-Neustadt a der Donau, AT. Position: 48.230570, 14.887091</div><div><br /></div><div>The Strudel, a rocky stretch of the Danube in Upper Austria, was once a sailor's nightmare. Many ships were lost between the island of Wörth and Werfenstein Castle. Eventually, the Ybbs-Persenbeug hydroelectric power station tamed the wild river here.</div><div><br /></div><div>The results: </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJmMjX223GPKyXfzGfxtv3-jmYNw4nM3_MCqBPYXRCBPKp8F-6KQolTSb0DOBLMdcs4KH76KXYTWyWl7m_umQrbtbpFEfDi-GhNQBqE9mVyDJzrTTbmMTaTwas6vJkrYaTlAjEX__ffgE_/s525/evdunaiszigetesel2021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="419" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJmMjX223GPKyXfzGfxtv3-jmYNw4nM3_MCqBPYXRCBPKp8F-6KQolTSb0DOBLMdcs4KH76KXYTWyWl7m_umQrbtbpFEfDi-GhNQBqE9mVyDJzrTTbmMTaTwas6vJkrYaTlAjEX__ffgE_/s320/evdunaiszigetesel2021.jpg" width="255" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><script src="http://www.easypolls.net/ext/scripts/emPoll.js?p=6156c8aae4b04db784be5a1c" type="text/javascript"></script><a class="OPP-powered-by" href="http://trailguide.net/html" style="text-decoration: none;"><div style="color: grey; font: 9px arial;">bike trails</div></a>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-66148306868005326362021-07-29T22:59:00.002+02:002021-07-30T11:01:24.692+02:00Wachau's nose<div style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2019/07/wachau-orra.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>Finally, a hybrid solution was born... From the samples taken at the castle in Rossatz, the nose of the mayor's son was combined with the nose of a woman from Hamburg who has lived in Wachau for a long time. The result was a four-meter-high Danube-front artwork near the ferry in the Austrian village of St. Lorenz, home to 22 people.</b></span><b> </b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8uaYii_YfDBF5BNU-ek19uHkU8L-7k4j-U83sOrTgNffcBn7ONlpGfQGBHSD2g6p_T1V10oV2UeQaNaPyDXhvJmoxyR-RIVpzzWAxBEv0G_xciszuRVDZ9RXkpTUMaZh9dzhAFGyLKNwX/s1600/Ariane_Nase_700.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="700" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8uaYii_YfDBF5BNU-ek19uHkU8L-7k4j-U83sOrTgNffcBn7ONlpGfQGBHSD2g6p_T1V10oV2UeQaNaPyDXhvJmoxyR-RIVpzzWAxBEv0G_xciszuRVDZ9RXkpTUMaZh9dzhAFGyLKNwX/s640/Ariane_Nase_700.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Wachauer Nase (photo © Ariane Reither)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Wachau in Austria is a must for anyone who loves the Danube. Climb the steep hillsides of Dürnstein and Aggsbach, taste the local white wines, touch the life-size "Willendorf Venus", marvel at the miniature churches in the miniature villages, cycle and sail through this magnificent valley. And on top of that, at the 2014 river kilometer, you can marvel at Austria's largest nose, which would make Cyrano de Bergerac expresses his appreciation.</div><div><br /></div><div>But before we take a closer look at the nose, let's visit the nearby Romanesque church. </div></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXXr4yi7a2fSETz6y2sSbjb3i4Rg9tgA2sLep_ofv0mkhVgP0o6I07puJznl9MrH-ougbCllgsK0T009yPsLJPgChxoEOKqapV32xL7VTeEBgeGNu2XT8NQvDvATGbQoYzzlYGJYnnfYzT/s1600/wei%25C3%259Fenkirchen.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="762" height="604" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXXr4yi7a2fSETz6y2sSbjb3i4Rg9tgA2sLep_ofv0mkhVgP0o6I07puJznl9MrH-ougbCllgsK0T009yPsLJPgChxoEOKqapV32xL7VTeEBgeGNu2XT8NQvDvATGbQoYzzlYGJYnnfYzT/s640/wei%25C3%259Fenkirchen.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weißenkirchen and St. Lorenz on the 3rd military survey (mapire.eu)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">The church of St. Lorenz is one of the smallest and oldest in Wachau. But it is still enough for a village of 22 people. Its history also has a topicality, ranked 12th among Austrian sites in the Frontiers of the Danube World Heritage nomination. This suggests that the Romanesque church on the right bank of the Danube, in the former province of Noricum, certainly dates back to the Roman age. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlZW4i1km-Tdv1yEZkZMR71U5uWUxuQV4vzXgYngjSNQu1KL_Qw2LuAmkpeTgOiatuFVIsZpzBuudYDgYq5xxrua42xK_gurgtov7dJgiVochBUL45kB1t8Qrfe3oowTYG84vdyRBO3TS/s1600/stlorenz1938.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="1000" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlZW4i1km-Tdv1yEZkZMR71U5uWUxuQV4vzXgYngjSNQu1KL_Qw2LuAmkpeTgOiatuFVIsZpzBuudYDgYq5xxrua42xK_gurgtov7dJgiVochBUL45kB1t8Qrfe3oowTYG84vdyRBO3TS/s640/stlorenz1938.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Lorenz temploma 1938-ban. (forrás: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Alte-Ansichten-aus-der-Wachau-661981470857594/?__tn__=kC-R&eid=ARAE7vKQVwNvDLcpSpIuhdWgH4JdL28fcm9NqEHq7X76oKVBe9K-m8sfOgvTOq7-hKBxnI1dKS6aTEyR&hc_ref=ARSwETisv8L_m9E3O08xDEqonZcK2fPkSOeqx6NDW6hZ_YBCwx_zIwvibq0MMYMXPBo&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARBvU6qmBpEOM--IfY8LNuZAHhbkIuC7L3gxu7743jbWEbE25v6s2PMvVBLal0quCJJ9eTt5Z9Q-DDIXpm4B2fuBAvniwtEVhEcggW1GTXEoHFCJ75oTb9ocN8vRWOu79jq62dXTIq9BxtxT9UqJaZYQlMgxsygJOywo3pwhqFLDyuiUs_2qCQTsIFcyppFr4ZM-OnPSd2h7qc62pjf0lVIl83FiVWSk_JFHZ2Q4WHy1k5Q_bXs6XTVEX1HhJwycniglyZTu_nosioeg2nrm5Jwke2_qrVftAslPZn_a09tQE4hAsJ6QjoUNPC4UqdiwGA4XBAnSadXP9dD9UuSbk9im5w">Alte Ansichten aus der Wachau</a>)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">The Roman age wall of nearby Bacharnsdorf has already been mentioned <a href="https://donauinseln.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-wall-in-bacharnsdorf.html" target="_blank">on the blog</a>. This building, which is at least 1600 years old, is important because it is an example of what a Roman watchtower in the Danube valley might have looked like, as it forms the wall of a family house. Its three levels could be used to construct, among other things, watchtowers of a similar age in the Danube bend. Although the 4th-century remains of St. Lorenz are similar in size, not much is visible. Two buildings, the south wall of the parish and the north wall of the church form the same structure. And as such it only appears in a small part, above the saddle roof of the parish. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div>It seems that nearly a thousand years after the construction of the watchtower (in the 13th and 14th centuries), the walls of the church were still at this height when it was built. It is possible that the stones of other walls (which were in the wrong position for the temple) were also used in the construction.</div><div><br /></div><div>Well, back to the nose!</div></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ecWbMuOuhWC9d2X2OJmRpMyq3MQ4XztbDmlQojj3gdWrVadfwM3UIRMXqm87xYvp64fN1fVybDlMRAEfz2Q4YvbE2lj26P5GI_-TyzmmaVaOOTgkP4-SX49Tap9ZQgJM0tWn0X9ku4Nt/s1600/Kirche_St._Lorenz_c_Gregor_Semrad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="864" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ecWbMuOuhWC9d2X2OJmRpMyq3MQ4XztbDmlQojj3gdWrVadfwM3UIRMXqm87xYvp64fN1fVybDlMRAEfz2Q4YvbE2lj26P5GI_-TyzmmaVaOOTgkP4-SX49Tap9ZQgJM0tWn0X9ku4Nt/s640/Kirche_St._Lorenz_c_Gregor_Semrad.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Nose of Wachau hides behind the Romanesque church of St. Lorenz (<a href="https://www.donau.com/de/wachau-nibelungengau-kremstal/ausflug-bewegen/ausflugsziele/besonderes-originelles/detail-besonderes-und-originelles/wachauer-nase/6b09d15861d5064abd26f536bbab1cfb/" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">On 13 October 2012, around 70 people gathered at the former castle of the Counts Schönborn in the center of Rossatz to model their sense of smell for the latest project by the Gelatin group of artists. After all, what other nose could be used for a sculpture of the "Nose of Wachau" than an original nose from the Wachau. During the convivial event, beer, local white wine, and apricot liqueur were served, sausages were roasted and the team of artists took plaster samples of the noses of the enthusiastic applicants. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div>And the result? A four-meter-high, five-meter-wide, seven-and-a-half-meter-long work of art that rises upstream.</div></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi20fHTVoHmLUEiOX8NfkNw4mlC8-WuztEjlMctuXK8MGfI1aBu84Nqtff4kg9DMuug7MnLX9Et05Bf6PrHCFJotC5zR8tlfTtiZm-amyza7bpZyCXvvIjnQvpdJa1bgWIUNpPMA1g0dAeR/s1600/olga-gipsen_700.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="700" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi20fHTVoHmLUEiOX8NfkNw4mlC8-WuztEjlMctuXK8MGfI1aBu84Nqtff4kg9DMuug7MnLX9Et05Bf6PrHCFJotC5zR8tlfTtiZm-amyza7bpZyCXvvIjnQvpdJa1bgWIUNpPMA1g0dAeR/s640/olga-gipsen_700.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nose modeling in progress (Photo © Gelitin)
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<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">It's like a giant buried on the banks of the Danube, with only its nose showing. Its nostrils can comfortably accommodate a few people. The Danube's floods fill it with silt, on which the vegetation then colonizes. The grass grows in it like the hairs on its nose. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Within a short time, it has become a real attraction in the 'Austrian Danube Bend'.</div></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqOACQ_h-pHBlmF4WT1M4hP-ZYUR5OuPQtMdH3ZRbqVNQ7TD5tnl-LsQeQptTJ59MS7LJASA_Kg9K4SRpOKU94ECkqY1LSK1DxRjqXAez55jnS5m_qizPx1jSqhKuER9nToXWat4eqSLn2/s1600/nasewachau.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqOACQ_h-pHBlmF4WT1M4hP-ZYUR5OuPQtMdH3ZRbqVNQ7TD5tnl-LsQeQptTJ59MS7LJASA_Kg9K4SRpOKU94ECkqY1LSK1DxRjqXAez55jnS5m_qizPx1jSqhKuER9nToXWat4eqSLn2/s640/nasewachau.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nostril caves
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Here, the old and the new blend well together. In addition to fans of ancient ruins and medieval church architecture, contemporary art lovers will also find something for everyone at the Weißenkirchen ferry!<br />
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Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-42969826584936041522021-07-29T00:23:00.005+02:002021-07-29T08:43:16.399+02:00The wall in Bacharnsdorf<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2019/02/fal-bacharnsdorfban.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Roman architecture and archaeology along the Danube is a prominent topic on the Donauinseln blog. This time we present Gergely Buzás' book A királyok Visegrádja (<a href="https://pazirik.hu/en/projekt/kiralyok-visegradja-konyv/" target="_blank">Royal Visegrád</a>), published in an unusually sophisticated format. However, this is not a typical book recommendation, as one of the chapters takes us all the way back to Wachau, Austria. From the reign of Emperor Valentinian I, in the 370s, we will wind our way back to Visegrad and the present. </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKBxNXo696kbzkUGEkEHiOpKhyphenhyphen7L547LDrQcwI7t04hYLP-mfPxNY-1m4ZtIfMEpt8a5gQZi3V0_nlmp8K6QJd0SZb1Q2g4hRlYJcwdYCUD2eyiotCzQAeMBFbFfolyDhbIxkEGc1dt-sn/s1600/AT_watchtower-Bacharnsdorf_Kuttner_700x466.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="700" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKBxNXo696kbzkUGEkEHiOpKhyphenhyphen7L547LDrQcwI7t04hYLP-mfPxNY-1m4ZtIfMEpt8a5gQZi3V0_nlmp8K6QJd0SZb1Q2g4hRlYJcwdYCUD2eyiotCzQAeMBFbFfolyDhbIxkEGc1dt-sn/s640/AT_watchtower-Bacharnsdorf_Kuttner_700x466.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">The wall in Bacharnsdorf (<a href="http://danubelimesbrand.org/sites/austria/bacharnsdorf/" target="_blank">source</a>)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Bacharnsdorf is a village of 37 inhabitants on the banks of the Danube in Wachau. Three other "Arnsdorf" share the narrow Danube bank with its neighbors, of which it is the smallest. To the southwest of Bacharnsdorf, Mitterarnsdorf, Hofarnsdorf, and Oberarnsdorf lie in a row on the right bank of the Danube. Each of these villages is named after an 8th century Salzburg bishop, Arno.</div>
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A terület különösen mostoha körülményeket biztosít az emberi megtelepedéshez. A Dunától délre a Dunkelsteiner Wald középhegység közvetlenül a Duna fölé magasodik, meredek falával akadályozva a parti forgalmat. Járható út nem is létezett a parton a középkor végéig, az utazók vagy délre kerültek, St. Pölten felé, vagy hajóval utaztak a Dunán. Azt a kevés lapály ami a parton volt gyakran elborították a Duna áradásai. A római korban ez volt a birodalom határvidéke, a szemközti, meglehetősen ritkán lakott parton germán törzsek, markomannok éltek.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>The area provides particularly harsh conditions for human settlement. To the south of the Danube, the Dunkelsteiner Wald mountain range rises directly above the Danube, its steep walls obstructing coastal traffic. There was no passable road along the coast until the end of the Middle Ages, travellers either headed south towards St. Pölten or traveled by boat on the Danube. The few flatlands that were on the coast were often devastated by the Danube's floods. In Roman times, this was the frontier of the empire, and the opposite bank, rather sparsely populated, was inhabited by Germanic tribes, the Marcomanni.</div><div><br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGO9EM6PtzEIDGx5FUDXRsRT4KHvGRDVyBKLIxY7qUJtdxlWBPobYjdzQxl0EFQP9M9tB1-VVyP3GH5OPJY4emAfmEf1CK3eJyuKgR4vpiBP8EAmbOubhj21c67JmMpvbjaV3DpSyrp-F/s1600/noricum_wachau.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGO9EM6PtzEIDGx5FUDXRsRT4KHvGRDVyBKLIxY7qUJtdxlWBPobYjdzQxl0EFQP9M9tB1-VVyP3GH5OPJY4emAfmEf1CK3eJyuKgR4vpiBP8EAmbOubhj21c67JmMpvbjaV3DpSyrp-F/s1600/noricum_wachau.PNG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roman settlements in Wachau's northern region (Namare=Melk, Cetium=St. Pölten)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">The province of Noricum, largely in present-day Austria, was the western neighbor of Pannonia in Roman times. In the north, it stretched from the Danube to the Alps, as far as present-day northern Slovenia. Its eastern border was in the Vienna Woods, so Vindobona (Vienna) was still part of Pannonia. Because of its topography, it was a sparsely populated area, with its largest settlements in the valleys of the Inn, the Danube, and the Drava. Rome annexed this area in 16 BC, but it had some autonomy until the reign of Emperor Claudius when it was incorporated as a province. During the reign of Emperor Diocletian, the province was divided into two, and the Wachau with the entire Danubian border was called <b>Noricum Ripense</b>, while the southern part was called <b>Noricum Mediterraneum</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div><div>From the fortress of Faviana (Mautern an der Donau) upstream, the floodplain has widened slightly by 13 river kilometers. There was no road along the bank, and the Roman soldiers had to cut through densely wooded valleys and then meander down to the river in the Dürrenbach valley when they were ordered to build a watchtower sometime during the reign of Emperor Valentinian I in the early 370s. </div><div><br /></div><div>The auxiliary troops sent out from Lauriacum (Enns) unknowingly built a castle that has stood the test of eternity (for now), despite the Roman military used it for only about fifty years. In the 420s, Rome abandoned the Danube frontier, and the massive tower remained hidden in the narrow floodplain. </div></div></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgu_g-fAY9bJGbG0QfohTs1odhvVeUdbM8IZEMqPM9xIgwTY-VBc5VKO6yuHBACg5rYADrYT2Y-2atNvf0tRyTO_4BNrjf4ZIRB0l-ZvAdQRuD-poN9qxzeoWvXD4DZGxaxo1tzaMu4Cbx/s1600/Bacharnsdorf_Burgus1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1206" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgu_g-fAY9bJGbG0QfohTs1odhvVeUdbM8IZEMqPM9xIgwTY-VBc5VKO6yuHBACg5rYADrYT2Y-2atNvf0tRyTO_4BNrjf4ZIRB0l-ZvAdQRuD-poN9qxzeoWvXD4DZGxaxo1tzaMu4Cbx/s640/Bacharnsdorf_Burgus1.JPG" width="424" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">In the village of Bacharnsdorf there is a medieval manor house (number 7), which is still inhabited. Its northern wall is 9 meters high and looks nothing like the other paneled walls of the house (see picture above). Many <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgus" target="_blank">burgi</a></i> in Hungary, dating back a thousand years, would envy this massive 1.5-meter thick wall. This is the southern wall of the Roman watchtower built by Roman hands nearly 1650 years ago. Its base area was 155 square meters, and it had three levels, based on holes in the wall made for wooden beams. The south wall survives almost intact, but has been demolished to ground level on the north and west - its stones may have been used for the mansion. In its original state, it was covered by a tiled roof. The entrance was on the north, i.e. the Danube side, and on the first floor, where the soldiers' quarters are supposed to have been, there are only small windows. While on the second floor, used as a guard post, the soldiers could look out over the surrounding area through 2 to 2 arched windows on each side. Archaeologists have not found any traces of trenches.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2v03Dfdwewh7vH9kL5VBRQ2jmwwROXtdo8l1nC9IYbQv0Li2rJ6WtT68VGY8uKkKYNCa2bgFKwOdDehiprafLIlib_uNMTuhv_ZzqEjWJJ4JHVxeHUMXrWkVymM3LM47Djd8RJphXXW_/s1600/008_wosin_clip_image008_0000.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="567" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2v03Dfdwewh7vH9kL5VBRQ2jmwwROXtdo8l1nC9IYbQv0Li2rJ6WtT68VGY8uKkKYNCa2bgFKwOdDehiprafLIlib_uNMTuhv_ZzqEjWJJ4JHVxeHUMXrWkVymM3LM47Djd8RJphXXW_/s1600/008_wosin_clip_image008_0000.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The burgus of Bacharnsdorf from the side (<a href="https://www.sulinet.hu/oroksegtar/data/telepulesek_ertekei/Bolcske/pages/Pannoniai_kutatasok/nemet/008_wosin.htm" target="_blank">source</a>) </td></tr>
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Annak ellenére, hogy egy ekkora látványos faldarabról van szó, egészen 1964-ig nem is nagyon foglalkoztak vele a régészek, ekkor egy helytörténész azonosította a római eredetét. Az első feltárásra 1970-ig kellett várni, de utána felgyorsultak az események. 1985-ig sikerült régészetileg felmérni és konzerválni. Noricum provincia területéről a zeiselmaueri (Cannabiaca) erőd mellett a bacharnsdorfi burgus a legjobban fennmaradt római rom. Jelentőségét az adja, hogy az I. Valentinianus császár uralkodása alatt épült, sorozatgyártott magyarországi burgusokat is ez alapján lehet rekonstruálni. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Despite being such a spectacular piece of wall, it was not much studied by archaeologists until 1964, when a local historian identified its Roman origins. The first excavation had to wait until 1970, but after that things picked up. It was archaeologically surveyed and conserved until 1985. In the province of Noricum, next to the fortress of Zeiselmauer (Cannabiaca), the castle of Bacharnsdorf is the best-preserved Roman ruin. Its importance is due to the fact that it is the basis for the reconstruction of the "mass-produced" Hungarian <i>burgi</i>, during the reign of Emperor Valentinian I. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxPlUuWjtUmu8JifQuB4Y8yNRCu8jwnlh3wMgq27V2E2TsL5mIjJNTbVBOSkx_WL2IS_of_XDG67fGzZF62cqjAXMM1MYwYYSMSMFdbD1wOkilaBpreo1OB0mdfnGPPEH-V9WLgR9mNjC7/s1600/Burgus_bacharnsdorf_rekonstruktion.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="825" height="443" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxPlUuWjtUmu8JifQuB4Y8yNRCu8jwnlh3wMgq27V2E2TsL5mIjJNTbVBOSkx_WL2IS_of_XDG67fGzZF62cqjAXMM1MYwYYSMSMFdbD1wOkilaBpreo1OB0mdfnGPPEH-V9WLgR9mNjC7/s640/Burgus_bacharnsdorf_rekonstruktion.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theoretical reconstruction of the burgus of Bacharnsorf</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Two of the watchtowers in Visegrád, in the Visegrád quarries, and the one at Szentgyörgypuszta, were built according to the type plans and were successfully matched with the <i>burgus</i> of Bacharnsdorf. Fortunately, the inscription of the construction of the stone quarry watchtower has survived, so that its construction date is known for the year. Given the identical construction, we are perhaps not far off the mark if we also date the construction of the watchtower at Bacharnsdorf to 372.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">And here we turn back to the present, to Visegrád, where in 2018 the Mátyás király Museum published Gergely Buzás' book "The Royal Visegrád", only 10% of which deals with what we are dealing with now; Roman history. The publication was illustrated by Pazirik Informatikai Kft. of Pécs with spectacular computer graphics, one of which we have already presented - from where else but <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2014/01/igy-nezett-ki-lepence-bolhavara.html" target="_blank">Visegrád</a>. In addition to the watchtowers at the Visegrád quarry and Szentgyörgypuszta, the Lepence castle is also mentioned, which was slightly larger than the previous two, measuring 18*18 meters. The fortress at Gizellamajor with its four corner towers and the military camp on the Sibrik hill, which in the 11th century could have been the oldest surviving Roman ruin in Pannonia. With relatively little work, the fortress of Pone Navata became the seat of the early Árpád-era county of Visegrád. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">The rest of Royal Visegrád presents the architecture and archaeological remains of the five hundred years of the Hungarian Middle Ages, tracing the history of the castle and the royal palace up to the recapture of 1685. The 136-page, lavishly illustrated book is a fitting memorial to the past of Visegrád. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">What better way to say goodbye than with a short video of the excavation in Szentgyörgypuszta:</div></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/inAGHNY0utg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/inAGHNY0utg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Sources:</div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Buzás Gergely: <b>A királyok Visegrádja</b>, Mátyás Király Múzeum 2018.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">http://archeologia.hu/konyvajanlo-buzas-gergely-kiralyok-visegradja</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">http://okorportal.hu/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2004_2_groh.pdf</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limest%C3%BCrme_in_der_Wachau</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">https://www.sulinet.hu/oroksegtar/data/telepulesek_ertekei/Bolcske/pages/Pannoniai_kutatasok/nemet/008_wosin.htm</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;">Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)</div>
Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-76550915876791918082021-07-27T10:17:00.001+02:002021-07-27T10:18:00.666+02:00First image of the newborn Kis-Háros Island<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2019/12/elso-foto-az-ujszulott-kis-haros.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>There are still a lot of people in Hungary who are older than the Kis-Háros Island near Nagytétény, Budapest. </b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide9_D64BQ7yR9q6N0ppFFqcBpvSZpZ59GpjwhdX5qK6hiwAnDMfHVzDQT03sx3NpwzVhsDpjDxsJByiUzNhgBynfXxGAEds_EUOCuzhJNzUVfoYhx0K1jEN6ATtTqwjjM9WBsTqYUZO50/s1600/KisHaros1940.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="868" height="505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide9_D64BQ7yR9q6N0ppFFqcBpvSZpZ59GpjwhdX5qK6hiwAnDMfHVzDQT03sx3NpwzVhsDpjDxsJByiUzNhgBynfXxGAEds_EUOCuzhJNzUVfoYhx0K1jEN6ATtTqwjjM9WBsTqYUZO50/s640/KisHaros1940.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Kis-Háros Island emerges from the Danube in 1940 (source: Hadtörténeti Múzeum, section: 5062_1)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Recently, an educational video about the island of Kis-Háros was uploaded to BudapestVideo.hu, showing the hidden natural values of the island. The nearly three-hectare area was protected in 1999, six years after the declaration of the neighboring "big brother" Háros Island. The video takes us back to a story we wrote <a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2011/12/sziget-kodben-epulo-hid-alatt.html" target="_blank">8 years ago</a>, which raised a seemingly intractable question that has remained unanswered ever since: when exactly did the Kis-Háros Island form?</div></div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;"><i>"The Kis-Háros Island was born as a gravel bar as a result of river regulation sometime in the 20th century. It is impossible to pinpoint the exact date of its birth, as the gravel bar gradually rose from the Danube." </i></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Before the above aerial photograph was found, the only answer to the question would have been sometime before 1967, as this is the earliest aerial photograph of the island on the <a href="http://fentrol.hu">fentrol.hu</a> website. Earlier maps usually omitted the Kis-Háros Island. It is not on the 1941 military map and is also missing from the 1958 town planning base map of the Nagytétényi section. However, it could have been on the 1941 map, next to the last houses of the Baross Gábor district, which stretches down to the Danube, as far as the aerial photo was taken in 1940 is concerned. Unless it is a flyspeck on the map, the black spot is the Kis-Háros Island and its first reflection in the history of the islands in the Danube, which are constantly being created and destroyed. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZBPFOZ7ccEBNnwBu3ac03DkUKOq50YVFQ4R0LuHK6nFNycmy6nYh1gK1SDCXypu0pvq_tfa3Dqi7O6Biv2BLZp06gHlei4XAsDuven803DE8CPswEtvgK4R6T-UaVbbykMVYB97-cony/s1600/KisHaros19680928.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZBPFOZ7ccEBNnwBu3ac03DkUKOq50YVFQ4R0LuHK6nFNycmy6nYh1gK1SDCXypu0pvq_tfa3Dqi7O6Biv2BLZp06gHlei4XAsDuven803DE8CPswEtvgK4R6T-UaVbbykMVYB97-cony/s640/KisHaros19680928.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Kis Háros Island during the autumn of 1968 (<a href="https://www.fentrol.hu/hu/legifoto/159941?r=1&c=2115908.702909:6005997.212778:9" target="_blank">fentrol.hu</a>)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">That black spot cannot be a flyspeck for several reasons. If you compare it with the 1968 aerial photo, you can see that its location is correct. In the 1940 photo, the river color and the flooded bank make it look very much like they were flying over Nagytétény during high water level. Only the canopy of freshly sprouted trees on the gravel reef is sticking out of the water. This gravel reef is where it is because the sister island of Háros was annexed to the right bank of the Danube in 1911 (interestingly, Háros and Hunyadi Islands were probably administratively part of Szigetszentmiklós until 1950 and only became part of the capital through the Greater Budapest concept.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div>The Kis-Háros Island was therefore already an island in 1940, and the few meters of trees that settled on it suggest that the island's origins are not far off the mark if we put its origins in the second half of the 1930s. In this case, the age of the island would be around 80-85 years. </div><div><br /></div><div>To conclude, here is the educational film about the island that inspired this post:</div></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="483" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PXgpu-NERgg" width="582" youtube-src-id="PXgpu-NERgg"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">Thanks to the crew for their thought-provoking work! </span></div>
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Sources:</div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://budapestvideo.hu/video/a-kis-haros-sziget?fbclid=IwAR1kWxrr1mxnWbeqa842zmt2qLR_XAEF9XyIfwMIsrZGfIsxw9RXfRICD2I">https://budapestvideo.hu/video/a-kis-haros-sziget?fbclid=IwAR1kWxrr1mxnWbeqa842zmt2qLR_XAEF9XyIfwMIsrZGfIsxw9RXfRICD2I</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.termeszetvedelem.hu/index.php?pg=pl_20-54-TT-99">http://www.termeszetvedelem.hu/index.php?pg=pl_20-54-TT-99</a></li>
</ul><div><span style="text-align: justify;">Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)</span></div>
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Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3567717775878489033.post-51459202463986149552021-05-25T14:58:00.002+02:002021-05-25T14:58:51.054+02:00The southern tip of the Égető Island<div style="text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://dunaiszigetek.blogspot.com/2018/12/az-egeto-sziget-deli-csucsa.html" target="_blank">IN HUNGARIAN</a></b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><div><b>A pile of wood, some planks, a cyclist on a beach, a boat and the Naszály mountain in the background are the backdrop to the Égető Island in 1941 I stumbled across on Fortepan. The island is still an island here, and anyone cycling by today would not recognise the landscape, if only because the southern tip of the island, which is visible in the picture, is no longer there, if it is still an island tip at all.</b></div></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTAim5Ji3I5zzb7yP6gNj0nhXx8N80GreNMTPyaTE7tqNgapCnUBrbMDq5OzqwvUZSr3y4IwygqE5LTT7Q58U_Yyt05kyQMfXFjRuPgjHUuOksllxDK2Q20mQEN2anaX8YhHnSxQzT01u/s1600/fortepan_128884_2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1234" data-original-width="1600" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTAim5Ji3I5zzb7yP6gNj0nhXx8N80GreNMTPyaTE7tqNgapCnUBrbMDq5OzqwvUZSr3y4IwygqE5LTT7Q58U_Yyt05kyQMfXFjRuPgjHUuOksllxDK2Q20mQEN2anaX8YhHnSxQzT01u/s640/fortepan_128884_2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Égető Island, 1941 (Fortepan 128884)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">In the southern part of Vác, next to the cycle path along the Danube, you will find the Égető Island, a quite unknown Danubian island. A similarly old but <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3VtZHljCYgHKtUg4gCWXLZ3rHjl4Q2ZG5uj0vdpjAUfFBYSpwc5ZHq9-ggvlVTJl6IDcKvPADCW3TQaE0_6QfSgQ_TSBPvmChF0RYlyMjimOH4ZxSxUJO-Kx4ORjymVtWiGiZg8rRH_3Z/s1600/Egeto-sziget_fb20150216.jpg" target="_blank">undated picture</a> of the northern tip of the island has also came to light, which differs from the southern tip in that it is still in roughly the same place. In 1941, the narrow island consisted of just one row of trees, and the keenest eye could tell you exactly how many there were. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div>Anyone looking for the island's contours is in for a rough ride these days. The Égető Island gradually merged with the coast, and walking along the main branch you can easily pass the inconspicuous north and south inlets. The oxbow is narrowed, with standing water for most of the year and drying up completely during low water periods. </div></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyWAlLehP_gGarjXNjUrEmx_AXsBNM57HfBm_zRwTVXnP9xFS0JYAgyjwRuOzMNy0UsiohEo-0Lya05yJe9dH11sQAAseKPEj_DuCTIba07E5IWM6cXB43NZxiQTnkk1YtmAinV2BL77R/s1600/egeto_fejl_3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="959" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyWAlLehP_gGarjXNjUrEmx_AXsBNM57HfBm_zRwTVXnP9xFS0JYAgyjwRuOzMNy0UsiohEo-0Lya05yJe9dH11sQAAseKPEj_DuCTIba07E5IWM6cXB43NZxiQTnkk1YtmAinV2BL77R/s640/egeto_fejl_3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The development of the Égető-sziget: (Blue line: Old Danube riverbeds, yellow line: flood-free zone, red line: current shoreline)</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> The southern tip of the island, visible in the initial image, is now hidden in the interior of the island. Today, when the water still flows in the oxbow (mostly during floods), it flows back into the main branch 300-350 meters to the south. The width of a single row of trees has also increased several times. There are no longer any beachgoers in this stretch, the floodplain forest and undergrowth has slowly pushed them away from the shore. The oxbow has become silted up, the level of the riverbed is higher today than it was three quarters of a century ago.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUH8IN7hE4O1VmOn3KO89O-Qez2R26GgO-LNeMfqYT1fEleqKwFKc7CUYTdR7ergLk3wPvpbMX-yOSgfkG4j_OzF6Qgg4631E0ejq_6YJVwJ44yW59glqBmoVNxIBNbI4bBd5A2izb6Pby/s1600/ccDSC00592.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUH8IN7hE4O1VmOn3KO89O-Qez2R26GgO-LNeMfqYT1fEleqKwFKc7CUYTdR7ergLk3wPvpbMX-yOSgfkG4j_OzF6Qgg4631E0ejq_6YJVwJ44yW59glqBmoVNxIBNbI4bBd5A2izb6Pby/s640/ccDSC00592.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The oxbow of the Égető Island (on the left) in 2016.</td></tr>
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The 1941 photograph captures a young Égető Island for posterity. It is as if we are seeing our grandparents smiling in their youth...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)</div>Szávoszt-Vass Dánielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09501307078413874242noreply@blogger.com0